英語高中語法教案
發(fā)表時(shí)間:2021-05-022011屆中考英語冠詞語法復(fù)習(xí)。
二、冠詞?(一)知識(shí)概要
冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞,分為兩類:不定冠詞a與an,定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前,an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物,可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。
(二)正誤辨析
[誤]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.
[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.
[析]a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前,而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前,而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是錯(cuò)句,應(yīng)為:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音,所以應(yīng)該用anhour。例如:
Ineedanhourtofinishthework.
Itisausefuldictionary.
ItisaEuropeancountry.
Iboughtausedcar.
[誤]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.
[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.
[析]因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音,所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。
[誤]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,Iminhurry.”
[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.Iminahurry.”
[析]不定冠詞的主要用法如下:?
1.用來表示一類人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.
2.指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè),如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.
3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.
4.相當(dāng)于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.
5.其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中:
如:haveawalk/arest/alook
又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙
makeaface作鬼臉
dosomebodyafavour幫某人忙
anumberof=many
又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)
haveacold(感冒)
haveaheadache(頭痛)
haveabreak=havearest
[誤]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.
[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.
[析]在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞,而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞。?
[誤]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.
[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.
[析]雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指,也應(yīng)用定冠詞。?
[誤]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.
[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.
[析]世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.
[誤]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.
[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.
[析]在序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.
[誤]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.
[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.
[析]在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二,而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè),再來一個(gè)時(shí),應(yīng)用a,本句的意思應(yīng)為:這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。
[誤]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.
[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.
[析]在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞,如:theYellowRiver(黃河)。
[誤]Look,thereareAlp.
[誤]Look,therearetheAlp.
[正]Look,therearetheAlps.
[析]具體的某一座山不加定冠詞,如:MountainTai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后,其山名要加s,來表示山脈。theAlps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.
[誤]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.
[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.
[析]報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。?
[誤]Richarenotalwayshappy.
[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.
[析]在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人,而在姓的前面加定冠詞,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.
[誤]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.
[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.
[析]物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。?
[誤]Thesunrisesineast.
[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.
[析]在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture
[誤]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone
[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone
[析]在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞,?
如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峽
thePanamaCanal巴拿馬運(yùn)河
theSuezCanal蘇伊士運(yùn)河
[誤]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper
[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper
[析]泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。?
[誤]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.
[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.
[析]一年四季前不用定冠詞,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.
[誤]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.
[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.
[析]有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞,如:gotoschool上學(xué),leaveschool(輟學(xué)),afterschool(放學(xué)),但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞,如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué),而是看望孩子,則要加定冠詞。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。
[誤]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.
[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.
[析]在慣用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。
[誤]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.
[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.
[析]這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處,也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動(dòng)詞,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(擊),hold(握),pull(拉)…動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人,再加介詞on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠詞,再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his,her,their,等詞。
[誤]Hewaspaidbyhour.
[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.
[析]by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為:他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。
[誤]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.
[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.
[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.
[析]by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具,而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如:bycar(坐小汽車)bytaxi(坐出租車)bybike(騎自行車)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飛機(jī))bysea(乘船)
[誤]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.
[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.
[析]在樂器前要加定冠詞,而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌)
[誤]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.
[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.
[析]英語中雖有一些名詞與goto連用時(shí)不加定冠詞,以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵,如:gotoschool(上學(xué)),gotobed(睡覺)等,但去看電影則例外,要用gotothecinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。
[誤]Iliveat105theLakestreet.
[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.
[析]街道名稱前不用冠詞。?
[誤]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.
[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.
[析]country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí),一定要加定冠詞,而且只有單數(shù)形式,作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.
[誤]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.
[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.
[析]atadistance意為“離開一定距離”。而inthedistance為“遠(yuǎn)方,遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有:
asarule(照例)
inahurry(匆忙)
inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)
inthesun(在陽光下)
intherain(雨中)
inthesameway(同樣)
intheshade(在陰涼處)
inthedaytime(白天)
intheend(最終)
ontheotherhand(換句話說)
onthecontrary(相反)
[誤]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.
[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.
[析]這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法,如:?
bitbybit(逐漸)
dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)
dayandnight(日日夜夜)
facetoface(面對面)
fromAtoZ(自始至終)
fromtimetotime(再三)
handinhand(手拉手)
shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)
(三)例題解析
1MrLiis___oldworker.
AaBanCsomeD/
[答案]B.
[析]an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。
2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.
Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the
[答案]B.
[析]因useful的第一個(gè)音素是[j],它是輔音音素。
3What___interestingbookitis?
AaBanCtheD/
[答案]B.
[析]這是感嘆句,因?yàn)橐频皆话憔淝懊娴膹?qiáng)調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應(yīng)加冠詞,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。
4Hewillbebackin___h(yuǎn)our.
A/BtheCaDan?
[答案]D.
[析]因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。
5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.
Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A
[答案]C.
[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物時(shí)用不定冠詞,而第二次再提到該物或人時(shí)應(yīng)用定冠詞。
6Lookat___picture!Theres___h(yuǎn)ouseinit.
Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a
?[答案]D.
[析]雖然是第一次提到,但在句中的語言是讓對方看某一特定的圖畫,所以應(yīng)選擇D。
7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.
AaBanCtheD/
?[答案]D.
[析]這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。
8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.
AtheBanC/Da
?[答案]A.
[析]capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。
9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,youllget___“A”inthetest.
AanB/CtheDa
?[答案]A.
[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。
10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.
AaBanCtheD/
?[答案]D.
[析]onfoot意為走路上學(xué),是習(xí)慣用法。
相關(guān)知識(shí)
2011屆中考英語介詞語法復(fù)習(xí)
介詞?
(一)知識(shí)概要?
介詞在英語中用法很活,也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個(gè)記住一個(gè),特別是那些和動(dòng)詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學(xué)習(xí)自然會(huì)總結(jié)出一套自己的規(guī)律來。下面是一般的規(guī)律,可幫助學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考,千萬不要作為定律去背誦,照搬。?
介詞表示時(shí)間表示地點(diǎn)方位表示原因方式其他
about大約在……時(shí)間?aboutfiveoclock在周圍,大約多遠(yuǎn)?aboutfivekilometres關(guān)于、涉及?
talkaboutyou
above高出某一平面?
abovesealevel
across橫過walkacrossthestreet對面acrossthestreet
after在……之后?
aftersupper
跟……后面?
oneafteranother
追趕
runafteryou
against背靠逆風(fēng)?
againstthewall,againstthewind
反對?
beagainstyou
among三者以上的中間?
amongthetrees
at在某時(shí)刻?
atten
在小地點(diǎn)?
attheschoolgate
表示速度?
athighspeed
向著,對著?
atme
before在……之前?
beforelunch
位于……之前?
sitbeforeme
behind位于……之后?
behindthetree
below低于……水平?
belowzero
不合格?
belowthestandard
by到……時(shí)刻,在……時(shí)刻之前
?byfiveoclock
緊挨著?
sitebysite
乘坐交通工具?byair,bybick被由?
wasmadebyus
during在……期間duringtheholidays
for延續(xù)多長時(shí)間?
forfiveyears
向……去?
leaveforShanghai為了,對于
begoodforyou
from從某時(shí)到……某時(shí)?frommorningtillnight來自何方?
fromNewYork
由某原料制成bemadefrom
來自何處?
whereareyoufrom
in在年、月、周較長時(shí)間內(nèi)?inaweek在里面?
intheroom
用某種語言?inEnglish穿著
inred
into進(jìn)入……里面?
walkinto
除分?
divideinto
變動(dòng)?
turnintowater
near接近某時(shí)?nearfiveyears在……附近?nearthepark
of用某種原料制成?
bemadeof
屬于……性質(zhì)?
amapofU.S.A
on某日、某日的上下午onSundayafternoon在……上面?
onthedesk靠吃……為生liveonrice關(guān)于?abookonPhysics
over渡過一整段時(shí)間?workovernight在上方
overthedesk
超過,高于?overfivepairs
past超過某一時(shí)刻?
tenpastfive
經(jīng)過某地?
walkpastthepark
since從某時(shí)以來?
since1980
原因?
Sinceyouwereill
through經(jīng)過某一時(shí)期?throughhislife通過、穿過某地?
throughtheforest
till?until直到某時(shí)為止?tillfiveoclock
to差多少時(shí)間?
fivetoten
問,到,去往?
toShanghai
面對面?
facetoface
給予giveabooktome
under在……下面?
underthedesk
少于?
underten
在……管制之下undertherule
with用某種工具?withapen帶著,具有
withme
without沒有?
withoutair
(二)正誤辨析?
[誤]Wegottothetopofthemountainindaybreak.?
[正]Wegottothetopofthemountainatdaybreak.?
[析]at用于具體時(shí)刻之前,如:sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night。
[誤]Dontsleepatdaytime??
[正]Dontsleepindaytime.?
[析]in要用于較長的一段時(shí)間之內(nèi),如:inthemorning/afternoon,或intheweek/month/year.或inspring/supper/autumn/winter等等。?
[誤]WevisitedtheoldmaninSundayafternoon.?
[正]WevisitedtheoldmanonSundayafternoon.?
[析]inthemorning,intheafternoon如果在這兩個(gè)短語中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on,如:onacoldmorning,onthemorningofJuly14th?
[誤]Hebecameawritterathistwenties??
[正]Hebecameawritterinhistwenties??
[析]這句話應(yīng)譯為:他在20多歲時(shí)就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時(shí)間段中要用介詞in來表示,而在具體歲數(shù)時(shí)用at來表示。?
[誤]HewenttoNewYorktofindajobinsixteenyearsold.?
[正]HewenttoNewYorktofindajobatsixteen.?
[析]在具體年歲前用at,如:attheageof12,atyourage,等等。?
[誤]Wewenttoswimintheriverinaveryhotday.?
[正]Wewenttoswimintheriveronaveryhotday.?
[析]具體某一天要用介詞on,又如:onNewYearsDay?
[誤]ImlookingforwardtoseeingyouonChristmas.?
[正]ImlookingforwardtoseeingyouatChristmas.?
[析]在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on,而全部節(jié)日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間,一般要有兩周或更長的時(shí)間。?
[誤]Ihaventseeyouduringthesummerholidays.?
[正]Ihaventseenyousincethebeginningofthesummerholidays.
[析]during表示在某一段時(shí)間之內(nèi),所以一般不與完成時(shí)搭配,如:Ivisitedalotofmuseumsduringtheholiday.而for表示一段時(shí)間,可以用于完成時(shí),如:Ihaventseeyouforalongtime.而through用來表示時(shí)間時(shí)則為"整整,全部的時(shí)間"。如:Itrainedthroughthenight.?而since則是表達(dá)主句動(dòng)作的起始時(shí)間,一般要與完成時(shí)連用。?
[誤]Atenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.?
[正]Onenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.?
[析]On加動(dòng)名詞表示"一……就"。本句的譯文應(yīng)是:我一進(jìn)入教室就聽見這個(gè)好消息了。又如:onhearing…一聽見,onarrival一到達(dá)就……(on表示動(dòng)作的名詞)?
[誤]Inthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.
[正]Atthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.
[析]atthebegining與attheend都是指某事物的開始與結(jié)束部分,均不指時(shí)間范圍,而inthebeginning則是指開始一段時(shí)間。intheend=atlast是指"最終,終于"之意。?
[誤]Tilltheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.?
[正]Bytheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.?
[析]by引起的時(shí)間狀語表示了動(dòng)作的截止點(diǎn),其意思為"不遲于某一時(shí)刻將工作做完",所以主句一般是完成時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來時(shí)態(tài),如:Illbetherebyfiveoclock.而till則表達(dá)其一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到某一時(shí)刻,但句中的動(dòng)詞一定要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而瞬間的截止性動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用其否定句式,如:Iwontfinishthisworktill(until)nextweekend.?
[誤]HecametoLondonbeforelastweekend.?
[正]HehadcometoLondonbeforelastweekend.?
[正]HecametoLondontwoweeksago.?
[析]before一般要與完成時(shí)連用,而ago則與一般過去時(shí)連用。
[誤]IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearsginceIhadcomehere.?
[正]IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearssinceIcamehere.?
[析]since用來表達(dá)主句動(dòng)作的開始時(shí)間,所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過去時(shí),而不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)
[誤]Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitaftertwohours.?
[正]Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitintwohours.?
[析]中文經(jīng)常講兩小時(shí)之后來取,兩天內(nèi)會(huì)修好,而這個(gè)介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二,①after多用于過去時(shí),如:IarrivedinNewYork.Afterthreedays,Ifoundajobinthebank.②after加時(shí)間是表達(dá)一個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間范圍,如:afterthreedays,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時(shí)間內(nèi)會(huì)完成某事時(shí),一定要用介詞in。?
[誤]Threedaysafterhedied.?
[正]Afterthreedayshedied.?
[正]Threedayslaterhedied.?
[析]after與later都可以用來表達(dá)一段時(shí)間之后,但它們所處的位置不同,after在時(shí)間詞前,而later在時(shí)間詞后。?
[誤]Shehidherselfafterthetree.?
[正]Shehidherselfbehindthetree.?
[析]after多用來表達(dá)某動(dòng)作之后,所以有的語法書中稱它為動(dòng)態(tài)介詞,如:Irunafterhim.Afterfinishingmyhomework,Iwenttoseeafilm.而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。?
[誤]Thereisabeautifulbirdonthetree.?
[正]Thereisabeautifulbirdinthetree.?
[析]樹上長出的果實(shí),樹葉要用on,而其他外來的人、物體均要用inthetree.?
[誤]ShanghaiisontheeastofChina.?
[正]ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.?
[析]在表達(dá)地理位置時(shí)有3個(gè)介詞:in,on,to。in表示在某范圍之內(nèi);on表示與某地區(qū)接壤;to則表示不相接。如:JapanistotheeastofChina.?
[誤]IarrivedatNewYorkonJuly2nd.?
[正]IarrivedinNewYorkonJuly2nd.?
[析]at用來表達(dá)較小的地方,而in用來表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于attheschoolgate,athome,atabusstop,atthestation,atthecinema,atasmallvillage。?
[誤]HelivedinNo.3BeijingRoad.?
[正]HelivedatNo.3BeijingRoad.?
[析]在門牌號(hào)碼前要用at,并要注意它的慣用法:attheendofthestreet,atthefootofthemountain,atthetopofthepage。?
[誤]ThereisacolourTVsetatthecornerofthehall.?
[正]ThereisacolourTVsetinthecornerofthehall.?
[析]在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in,而墻的外角用at,如:Thereisatreeatthecornerofthestreet.?
[誤]ThisweekendIllstayinUncleWangs.?
[正]ThisweekendIllstayatUncleWangs.?
[析]要注意英文的特殊表達(dá)法,如:atatailorsshop(裁縫店)=atatailors,?atthedoctors(去看病)atthebooksellers(在書店)atuncleWangs(在王叔叔家)
[誤]Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsontodaysnewspaper??
[正]Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsintodaysnewspaper??
[析]在報(bào)紙上的新聞要用in,而在具體某一版上,或某一頁上則要用on。?
[誤]TheschoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.?
[正]SchoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.?
[析]這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學(xué)校的課程,即開學(xué)之意。要注意,有些活動(dòng)場所當(dāng)表達(dá)正在從事該種活動(dòng)時(shí)不要加冠詞,如:attable(吃飯),WhenIcametoTomshome,theywereattable.還有:atdesk(學(xué)習(xí)),atwork(工作)atschool(上學(xué)),inhospital(住醫(yī)院)atchurch作禮拜?如加上定冠詞則另有他意,如:attheschool即在學(xué)校工作或辦事,inthehospital即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。
[誤]Inmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.?
[正]Onmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.?
[析]譯文為:在去車站的路上我買了份報(bào)紙,為的是消磨時(shí)光?"在……的路上"應(yīng)用ononesway…。而intheway有擋道之意,如:Pleasemovethechairitisintheway。
[誤]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeinto.?
[正]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokein.?
[正]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeintotheoffice.?
[析]in是表達(dá)一個(gè)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),在與break連用時(shí)其后不加介詞賓語,而into則是動(dòng)態(tài)介詞,與break連用時(shí)要加介詞賓語。?
[誤]IllleaveBeijingtoShanghaitomorrow.?
[正]IllleaveBeijingforShanghai.?
[正]IllleaveforShanghai.?
[析]leavefor是離開某地去某處的固定搭配,不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有:startfor動(dòng)身前往某處,setoutfor,sailfor。?
[誤]Imsorry.Ihavetogetoutthebusatnextstop.?
[正]Imsorry.Ihavetogetoutofthebusatnextstop.?
[析]getin,與getout是兩個(gè)相反的詞組。getin為上車,而getout為下車,但語法家認(rèn)為這里的in與out為副詞,所以其后不能接名詞,我們可以講Wedbettergetin.或Wedbettergetout.還有一組詞組有關(guān)上下車:geton/off(atrain,aship,astruck)getinto/outof(acar,taxi…)?
[誤]Becareful?Thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesoverzero.
[正]Becareful.Thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesabovezero.
[析]over與above在作為比某物高的意思時(shí)有時(shí)可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時(shí),即正上方時(shí)則要用above.而泛指上方時(shí)用over.?
[誤]Thereisanoldstonebridgeabovetheriver.?
[正]Thereisanoldstonebridgeovertheriver.?
[析]over還有一意為"跨越,橫跨"。?
[誤]TheDeadSeaisunderthesealevel.?
[正]TheDeadSeaisbelowthesealevel.?
[析]在垂直下方要用below.?也就是講above與below互為反意詞,over與under也是反意詞。
[誤]Thereisabigtreeinthefrontofthehouse.?
[正]Thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse.?
[析]infrontof是在物體外部的前面,而inthefrontof是在物體內(nèi)部的前面,如:Thedriversitsinthefrontofthebus.?
[誤]Ittookthemtwodaystowalkacrosstheforest.?
[正]Ittookthemtwodaystowalkthroughtheforest.?
[析]across作為介詞有兩個(gè)主要意思:①橫過,如:Iwanttowalkacrossthestreet.②對面,如:Thereisapostofficeacrossthestreet,而through多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過。如:Thelittlegirlranacrosstheroomtomeethermother.?
[誤]Thesunsetstowardthewest.?
[正]Thesunsetsinthewest.?
[析]towards也可用作toward,它主要表達(dá)朝向某方向運(yùn)動(dòng),但不一定到達(dá),如:Herantoward(s)themountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south時(shí),其前面要用in。要注意的是這4個(gè)詞可以用作副詞,如:Iwentsouth.也可用作名詞,如:Iwenttothesouth.也可用作形容詞,如:IwenttothesouthpartofChina.?
[誤]Doyouhavenootherclothesexceptthose??
[正]Doyouhavenootherclothesbesidesthose??
[析]beside是"在……旁邊",如:Thestudentsstoodbesidetheirteachers.而besides是"除……之外,不僅……而且……,除了……以外還有……",如:IstudiedEnglishbesidesFrench,whenIwasincollege.而except則是從同一類物體中去掉某一部分,如:IcomehereeverydayexceptSunday.而exceptfor是指去掉不同種類的事物,如:Theroomiscleanexceptfortwochairs.而exceptthat則要加從句。?
[誤]CanIwritetheexampaperwithink??
[正]CanIwritetheexampaperwithapen??
[正]CanIwritetheexampaperinink??
[析]with后要加拿得起來放得下的工具,而墨水、顏料等原料則要用in。?
[誤]Imearliertoday.Icameherebyhiscar.?
[正]Imearliertoday.Icamehereinhiscar.?
[析]在交通工具前加介詞by,但不能再有任何指示代詞或冠詞,否則要改換相應(yīng)的介詞。?bytaxi=inataxi
bytrain=inatrain
bybicycle=onabicycle?
byship=onaship
byboat=inaboat
bybus=onabus?
byplane=onaplane
byair空運(yùn)
byland陸運(yùn)?
bysea海運(yùn)
onfootonhorseback?
byphonebyletterbyradio?
byairmailbyhand?
[誤]AlotofFrenchwinesaremadeofgrape.?
[正]AlotofFrenchwinesaremadefromgrape.?
[析]madeof是指由原材料到成品過程中原材料未發(fā)生質(zhì)地的變化,而發(fā)生了某種變化則要用from,如:Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood.?
[誤]ThisisagooddictionaryinEnglishgrammar.?
[正]ThisisagooddictionaryonEnglishgrammar.?
[析]關(guān)于某方面的書籍、報(bào)告等有兩個(gè)介詞,其中on表示某專業(yè)用書,about則為某方面的普通讀物,如:Thisisabookaboutphysics.即物理科普知識(shí)。?
[誤]Doyouhavethekeyofthedoor.?
[正]Doyouhavethekeytothedoor.?
[析]keytothedoor門的鑰匙。相同用法還有answertothequestion,entrancetothehighway,dangertohealth.千萬不要用of。?
[誤]TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestofcollectingstamps.?
[正]TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestincollectingstamps.?
[析]haveinterestin是在某方面有興趣。?
[誤]Ididntdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrytome.?
[正]Ididntdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrywithme.?
[析]beangrywith其后接人,而beangryat其后接事。如:Hewasangryatwhatshesaid.?
[誤]Hewasgoodforskating.?
[正]Hewasgoodatskating.?
[析]begoodat為"擅長某事",而begoodforsomebody為對某人很好。?
[誤]Itwasgoodtoyoutohelpmylittleboy.?
[正]Itwasgoodofyoutohelpmylittleboy.?
[析]這句話應(yīng)譯為:你真太好了,幫助了我的小孩。而begoodtosomebody是對某人態(tài)度好。如:Hermotherisgoodtoeveryone.?
[誤]Myparentswereverypleasedatme.?
[正]Myparentswereverypleasedwithme.?
[正]Myparentswereverypleasedatmystudying.?
[析]bepleasedwith后加somebody,而bepleasedat后加something。?
[誤]Heisagreewithme.?
[正]Heagreeswithme.?
[誤]Heagainstsme.?
[正]Heisagainstme.?
[析]同意agree為動(dòng)詞,而反對against則為介詞。在使用中一定要注意。?
[誤]Ihaventheardlettersfromhim.?
[正]Ihaventheardfromhim.?
[析]hearfrom即為:從某人處得到信件。不要再加letter了。?
[誤]Teacher.MayIcallatyouthisweekend??
[正]Teacher.MayIcallonyouthisweekend??
[析]作為"拜訪"講callat其后接地點(diǎn),如:MayIcallatyourhomethisweekend?而callon其后接人。?
[誤]Doyouknowthegirlonwhite??
[正]Doyouknowthegirlinwhite??
[析]inwhite為穿一身白。與in有關(guān)的詞組有:inbed(睡覺),inhospital(住院),inahurry(匆匆忙忙),indanger(危險(xiǎn)中),injoy(高興),ingoodhealth(身體好),inlove(戀愛),introuble(困境),與之相反的是outof,如:outoftrouble(擺脫困境),outofdate(過時(shí)了),outoforder(出故障)?
[誤]Helookedatmeatsurprise.?
[正]Helookedatmeinsurprise.?
[析]surprise的用法一般有三種。①用于句首,Toonessurprise,如:Tomysurprisehesucceeded.②besurprisedat,如:Iwassurprisedatthenews.③用于句尾insurprise.?
[誤]Shedidntcometoschoolbecauseofshewasill.?
[正]Shedidntcometoschoolbecauseshewasill.?
[析]becauseof后接名詞,如:Thegamewasputoffbecauseoftherain.?
(三)例題解析?
1?-Thankyou___thebeautifulflowers!?
-Notatall.?
A?inB?onC?atD?for?
[答案]D.?
[析]由于某事向某人道謝應(yīng)用for。?
2?Canyouanswerthisquestion___English??
A?byB?inC?withD?from
[答案]B.?
[析]in表示用語言、聲音、或材料,如:Heansweredthequestioninalowvoice.
3?Look___themap___China___thewall,please.
A?after,of,inB?at,of,inC?after,in,onD?at,of,on?
[答案]D.?
[析]lookat為"看",而onthewall為"在墻表面掛著",而inthewall則是"在墻內(nèi)",如:Thereisholeinthewall.墻上有個(gè)洞。?
4?-WhendidMrGreenarriveinLondon??
-Hearrivedthere___theeveningofDecember6th.?
A?atB?inC?onD?to
[答案]C.?
[析]intheevening/afternoon這兩個(gè)詞組不論是在其前或后加上任何修飾詞都應(yīng)將介詞換為on,如:onacoldmorning,onaspringmorning等。?
5?Wewontherelayrace.Andtherewasabigsmile___ourteachersface.?
A?offB?nearC?onD?between
[答案]C.?
6?Thetwinsgotonwell___theirclassmates.?
A?toB?inC?withD?about
[答案]C.?
[析]getonwellwith與人相處很好。?
7?-Pleaseremembertocometomybirthdayparty.?
-Isee.Illcome___Saturdayevening.?
A?inB?atC?onD?for
[答案]C.?
8? Letshurry,orwellbelate___school??
A? toB? atC? withD? for
[答案]D.?
[析]belatefor,而comelateto,如:Dontcomelatetoschool
9? Theywillhaveamathstest___twodays??
A? forB? atC? inD? after
[答案]C.?
[析]三天之內(nèi)應(yīng)用in,而不要受中文影響用after,afterthreedays是個(gè)不定的時(shí)間范圍,即沒有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間。5天、6天、10天全是afterthreedays。?
10? Mybrotherjoinedthearmy___??
A? 1989,MarchB? inMarch,1989
C? March,1989D? 1989,inMarch?
[答案]B.?
[析]在月份、年、前用介詞in,而日子前用on。?
11? Hecouldntworkoutthemathsproblem___yourhelp?
A? withoutB? underC? forD? with
[答案]A.?
[析]在某人幫助下應(yīng)用with,如:WiththehelpoftheteacherIpassedtheexameasily?
而要是沒有你的幫助則用withoutyourhelp??
12? Grannytookonelookatus___h(yuǎn)erglasses??
A? byB? throughC? onD? in
答案]B.?
[析]through為穿過……。?
13? Wehadourbreakfast___aquarter___seven??
A? /,toB? in,toC? at,toD? on,to
[答案]C.?
[析]具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)前用at,而差幾分幾點(diǎn)用to,這里應(yīng)譯為:我在差一刻七點(diǎn)吃的早飯。
14? IlearnFrench___theradioeveryday??
A? onB? inC? fromD? at
[答案]A.?
[析]從收音機(jī)中聽到某事應(yīng)用詞組ontheradio。?
15? Itsgoodmannerstowait___line??
A? inB? onC? atD? with
?[答案]A.?
[析]inline為排隊(duì)。?
16? HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnt___lastterm??
AbytheendofBattheendofCtotheendofDtilltheendof?
[答案]A.?
[析]bytheendof為動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間,與完成時(shí)態(tài)相配合?
17? Themanagerwasverysatisfied___h(yuǎn)iswork??
A? inB? onC? aboutD? with
[答案]D.?[析]besatisfiedwith為固定搭配。?
18? JohnhitJack___face??
A? ontheB? intheC? onhisD? inhis
[答案]B.?
[析]英文中的某些動(dòng)詞其后要接人,然后加介詞+the+身體部位,如:Hecaughttheboybythearm。?
19? Iwasborn___thenight___September15,1978??A? in,onB? at,onC? at,inD? on,of?
[答案]D.?[析]在時(shí)間前加介詞時(shí)應(yīng)以最小的時(shí)間單位為準(zhǔn)。
20? Itsabadmannertolaugh___peoplewhentheyare___trouble??
A? over,inB? at,inC? in,atD? at,for
[答案]B.?
[析]laughat嘲笑某人,laughover笑著談?wù)撃橙嘶蚰呈?,introuble陷入困境。
21? Icantdothisworkwell___Tomshelp??
A? underB? forC? withoutD? from
[答案]C.?
22? Dontshout___theoldwoman。? Youshouldbemorepolite___h(yuǎn)er?
A? to,atB? at,toC? in,forD? from,for
[答案]B.?
[析]shoutat為"沖某人喊叫",而bepolitetosomebody為"對某人和氣。"?
23? Wemustbestrict___ourselves___everything?
A? with,inB? in,withC? with,toD? to,of
[答案]A.?[析]bestrictwith對某人嚴(yán)格要求。?
24? Hewenttothefootballmatch___lunchlastSunday??
A? toB? withoutC? behindD? between
[答案]B.?[析]withoutlunch未吃午飯。?
25? ThepeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded___1949?
A? withB? onC? sinceD? in
[答案]D.?
[析]在年代前用in。因句子是過去時(shí)而不是完成時(shí),所以不能用since。?
26? MrBlackgottoHangzhou___afewdays??
A? inB? afterC? onD? at
[答案]B.?
[析]這句話應(yīng)譯為:幾天之后Mr? Black到達(dá)了杭州。而不是在幾天之內(nèi)一定要做完某事,所以選B。?
27? -Hastheteachergivenyouanyadvice___yourEnglishstudy??
-Yes,hehas??
A? fromB? withC? onD? in?
[答案]C.?[析]給予某一方面問題的忠告其介詞用on。?
28? Youmaydepend___h(yuǎn)im? Heis___h(yuǎn)onestman
A? on,aB? in,anC? on,anD? at,the
[答案]C.?
[析]dependon為"依靠某人或某事",而honest的首字母h不發(fā)音。?
29??。撸撸適yjoy,Icananswerthisquestion??
A? WithB? ToC? ByD? For
[答案]B.?[析]Toonesjoy意為"使我高興的是。"?
30? Theteacheraskedthestudentstolook___thewordinthedictionary?
A? forB? atC? upD? after
[答案]C.?
[析]lookfor尋找,lookat看,lookafter照顧,lookup查字典。?
31? Alittlemonkeyisplaying___atreeandtherearealotofbananas___it
A? on,onB? in,onC? on,inD? in,in
[答案]B.?
[析]樹上長出的果實(shí)為onthetree?
而其他外來之物要用inthetree,表達(dá)在樹上。?
32?Igotoschool___buseverymorning.
?A.inB.byC.onD.at
[答案]B.?
[析]by后直接加交通工具,表示乘某種交通工具去某地。
?33?Noonelikesaperson___badmanners.
?A.withoutB.onC.outofD.with
?[答案]D.?[析]withbadmanners有不良習(xí)慣的人。
?34?Thepolicemanwassurprised___thenews.
?A.intoB.forC.atD.outof
?[答案]C.?[析]besurprisedat對某事吃驚。
?35?Hehadtosellnewspapers___seven.
?A.atanageofB.attheagesofC.attheageofD.atageof
?[答案]C.?[析]attheageof在幾歲時(shí)。
?36?Thelittlegirlcouldnthelp___whenshesawalargedog.
?A.criedB.tocryC.cryingD.cries
?[答案]C.
?[析]couldnthelp+動(dòng)名詞表示情不自禁地去做某事,或禁不住做某事。
?37?Jackwasborn___M(jìn)arch1st,1978.
?A.onB.inC.atD.of
?[答案]A.
?[析]日期,時(shí)間前的介詞按其表達(dá)語中的最小單位計(jì)算。
?38?Edisonwasveryinterested___sciencewhenhewasaboy.
?A.toB.onC.inD.about
?[答案]C.?[析]beinterestedinsomething對某事感興趣。
?39?Theteacherwasverysatisfied___h(yuǎn)eranswer.?
A.inB.onC.forD.with?[答案]D.
?40?Thestoryhappened___Beijing.
?A.inB.withC.forD.on?[答案]A.
2011屆中考英語動(dòng)詞語法復(fù)習(xí)
動(dòng)詞
?(一)知識(shí)概要
?動(dòng)詞在語言中是必不可少的一部分。它的語法現(xiàn)象也較多,但在初中范圍主要有以下幾方面問題。①時(shí)態(tài):初中范圍主要有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過去完成時(shí),將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)六種時(shí)態(tài)。②語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)。③助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。④非謂語動(dòng)詞,也就是不定式,動(dòng)名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。?時(shí)態(tài)主要掌握以下幾種時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用要點(diǎn)和習(xí)慣用法。
?1?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):主要有以下三方面,①用來表示狀態(tài),特征或不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在和真理。如:Matterexistsinthreestates物質(zhì)有三態(tài)。又如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun??②表?示習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如:Ioftengotobedat9∶30?③在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如:AssoonasIgetthereIlltelephoneyou.
?2?一般過去時(shí):① 主要用于表達(dá)過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),如:Iwasilllastweek?②過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,如:Iusedtogetupatsix.
?3?一般將來時(shí):用于表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,其構(gòu)成方式①用will(shall)+動(dòng)詞原形來表達(dá)將來在某一時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生,或經(jīng)常、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),如:SchoolwillbeginonSepember1st?②用begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形,用來表示不久將要發(fā)生或打算去作的動(dòng)作。如:?Im?goingtoswimthisafternoon?③be+現(xiàn)在分詞,也就是用某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來,如:?Im?coming。這些動(dòng)詞只限于:go,come,leave,start,move,sail,arrive,reach,getto等動(dòng)詞。④在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
?4?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):用于表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,如:Whatareyoudoingnow?要注意的是表示狀態(tài),情感的某些詞沒有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞有:like,have(有),love,know,understand,remember,forget,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,wishhope,expect…
?5?過去將來時(shí):用來表達(dá)從過去某時(shí)間點(diǎn)上看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如:Hetoldmehewouldcometomyparty?
?6?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的兩個(gè)用處是:① 用來表達(dá)在過去開始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,如:IvestudiedEnglishfortwoyears?②用來表達(dá)過去發(fā)生的事但它影響到現(xiàn)在,如:Ihaventhadmybreakfast.soImhungrynow?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別在于動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于現(xiàn)在,而過去完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于過去。如:Ihaventseenmyoldteacherforalongtime?我好久未見到我過去的老師了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句話,則將變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí),如:YesterdayIsawmyoldteacher.Ihadntseenhimforalongtime.因?yàn)槲液镁梦匆娝@一情況截止于昨天。還要注意的一個(gè)問題是截止性動(dòng)詞可以有完成時(shí),但不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbegun?如果一定要講開始幾分鐘了則要換用表示狀態(tài),或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbeenonforfiveminutes??語態(tài):英語中只有主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。主動(dòng)語態(tài),句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Ibrokethewindow?而被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的主語是主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的賓語,如:Thewindowwasbrokenbyme?被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要用于,動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確,或沒有必要說出來,如:TheNewbuildingwasbuiltlastweek?關(guān)鍵要注意的是在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有省略不定式符號(hào)to的動(dòng)詞,在被動(dòng)語態(tài)要還原,如:主動(dòng)語態(tài)Isawhimcomein.?被動(dòng)語態(tài)Hewasseentocomein.?助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,它只不過與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,形成了時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、構(gòu)成了疑問句,否定句,以及用來加強(qiáng)語氣。而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則表達(dá)一種可能、必要、允許、愿望、猜測……的意圖、傾向。也用來表示語氣的委婉和祝愿。初中階段主要有:can,could,may,might,will,would,must(haveto),shall,should。?最后要談?wù)摰氖欠侵^語動(dòng)詞,非謂語動(dòng)詞分為不定式,和動(dòng)詞的ing形式,(即現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞)。雖然在初中范圍,這一項(xiàng)不是語法重點(diǎn),但還是要花一定時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí),為的是打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。為進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)提供良好的條件。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語。如:Toseeistobelieve.(百聞不如一見)Hewanttoseeafilm?還可以作補(bǔ)足語,如:Hewantsmetoleave.也可以作狀語,如:IcomeheretolearnEnglish.?動(dòng)名詞也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeswimmingverymuch.而現(xiàn)在分詞多用于作定語、補(bǔ)足語、狀語,如:Thegirldrivingacarishersister.(定語)Didyounoticehishandshaking?(賓語補(bǔ)足語)
Hearingthenoise,westoppedtalking.(狀語)
(二)正誤辨析
?[誤]Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.
?[正]Shelaydownandsoonfellasleep.
?[析]考試中常出現(xiàn)的是易混動(dòng)詞lay放,lie躺,lie說謊。它們的過去時(shí)、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞變化如下:
?lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物動(dòng)詞)
?lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物動(dòng)詞)
?lie(說謊)lied,lied,lying
?[誤]Pleaseriseyourhand.
?[正]Pleaseraiseyourhand.
?[析]rise是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后不能接賓語,如:Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物動(dòng)詞。
?[誤]Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdontlikeswimmingthisafternoon.
?[正]Ilikeswimmingverymuch,butIdontliketoswimthisafternoon.
?[析]like作為"喜歡"講時(shí),可以接動(dòng)名詞也可以接不定式,但接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)多表達(dá)一種習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。而接不定式則側(cè)重于表達(dá)一次性、特殊性的動(dòng)作。?但要注意的是like與would連用時(shí)則一定要接不定式,如:Wouldyouliketogowithme??再有一點(diǎn)要注意的是,like作為介詞"像"講時(shí),只能用分詞作其賓語。
?[誤]Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?
?[正]Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?
?[析]hear的側(cè)重點(diǎn)是聽到、聽見什么,而listento的側(cè)重點(diǎn)為聽的傾向,如:listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallinghelp?這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ook與see。它們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)也不同,look重于"看"的傾向,而see重于看見沒看見。
?[誤]Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?
?[正]Didyouseesomefilmrecently?
?[析]英語中see與watch各有不同的用處,see用于看電影、劇目,而watch用作看電視和看球賽。
?[誤]Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.
?[正]Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.
?[析]hang有兩個(gè)含義,①"掛",它的過去時(shí)與過去分詞是hung,hung;②"絞刑",這時(shí)它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其過去式與過去分詞則為hanged,hanged。
?[誤]HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?
?[正]HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?
?[析]"借"在英文中有三個(gè)詞,①借入,即borrow,如:MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?②借出,如:Icanlendmybiketoyou.③借多久要用keep,因?yàn)閎orrow與lend都是截止性動(dòng)詞,而keep是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如HowlongcanIkeepit?
?[誤]Wehavewonyourclass.
?[正]Wehavebeatenyourclass.
?[析]win是及物動(dòng)詞,其后面的賓語應(yīng)是比賽、戰(zhàn)爭、獎(jiǎng)品、獎(jiǎng)金。而beat的賓語,應(yīng)是人、隊(duì)、班級(jí)等等,如:Wewonthegame.
?[誤]Ileftmykey.
?[正]Iforgotmykey.
?[正]Ileftmykeyathome.
?[析]leave是"丟下",其后一定要接地點(diǎn)狀語,而forget其后不要接地點(diǎn)狀語。
?[誤]Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.
?[正]Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.
?[析]bring為"帶來"如:Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take為"帶走",fetch為"去某處取什么回來",如:Pleasefetchsomecoffeeforus??要熟記的是在初中課文中與take有關(guān)的詞組,如:?takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下?takeoff脫下take…out拿出takeplace發(fā)生?takeholdof拿住takepartin參加takeaseat坐下?takeonesplace替代takealook看看takeonesturn輪流?takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy別著急?takeonestime慢慢來takeonestemperature測量體溫
?[誤]Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.
?[正]Thepolicemanreachedforhisgun.
?[析]reach作"到達(dá)"講時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞,如:Ireachedthehotelat8∶30?但作"伸手去拿",則要用reachforsomething。作為"到達(dá)"講時(shí)還有arrive(in+大地方)(at+較小的地方)和getto.要注意的是與get有關(guān)的詞組有:?getback回來getin收割getinto進(jìn)入getoff下車?geton上車getout出去getup起床getto到達(dá)?getreadyfor=bereadyfor?getonwellwith與人相處融洽?get加比較級(jí)為變得如何,例如:?getcolderandcolder.
?[誤]Thisdictionaryspentmefivedollars.
?[正]Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.
?[析]英文中的"花費(fèi)"有4個(gè)spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend與pay所在句中的主語應(yīng)為人,如:Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost與take的主語則是事物,如:Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.
?[誤]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.
?[正]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.
?[正]Ialwayssleepwiththewindowsclosed.
?[析]要注意open是動(dòng)詞也是形容詞,而close則要用其過去分詞作形容詞。?
[誤]Pleasewaitaminute.Imhavingonmyclothes.
?[正]Pleasewaitaminute.Imputtingonmyclothes.
?[析]英語中的穿衣服要分狀態(tài),是什么樣的穿著打扮,還是穿衣服的動(dòng)作兩類動(dòng)詞。表示穿著狀態(tài)的詞有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),它多用一般時(shí)態(tài),如:Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear則多用進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示狀態(tài),如:Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示動(dòng)作的詞中puton是常用的一詞。dress用作動(dòng)詞當(dāng)"穿衣"講時(shí)其后賓語不應(yīng)接衣物,而要接人,如:Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldntdressthemselves.在表示穿著狀態(tài)時(shí)用其過去分詞當(dāng)形容詞,如:Heisdressedinwhite.
?[誤]Mycomputercantbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?
?[正]Mycomputercantstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?
?[析]begin與start均可指"開始",而且常常可以互換,如:Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在兩種情況下不宜用begin而要用start,①當(dāng)作機(jī)器開動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)講,如:Mycarcantstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.②作為"旅途開始"講,如:Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.
?[誤]ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.
?[正]ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.
?[析]find是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,它的過去式和過去分詞是found,found,而found又是另外一詞"建立",它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其過去式與過去分詞是foundedfounded,如:ThePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.
?[誤]Please.LetsspeakinEnglish.
?[正]Please.LetsspeakEnglish.
?[正]Please.LetstalkinEnglish.
?[誤]CanyouspeakitEnglish?
?[正]CanyousayitinEnglish?
?[析]英文中"說"有4個(gè)常用詞say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物動(dòng)詞有speak和talk,如:Iwanttotalkwithyou.Wearetalkingaboutthenewfilm.而speak其后接語言時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞,其他情況是不及物動(dòng)詞。say與tell是及物動(dòng)詞,其中tell常用雙賓語,如:Tellusastory.但用于講實(shí)話或謊話時(shí)也用單賓語。如:Tellthetruth.
?[誤]CanyousayJapanesefromChinese?
?[正]CanyoutellJapanesefromChinese?
?[析]tell…from為固定詞組,即分辨兩者的不同。
?[誤]Excuseme,didIsteponyourfoot?
?[正]Oh,sorry,didIsteponyourfoot?
?[析]excuseme用于未打擾對方前,以提醒對方注意的用語,而sorry則是由于自己已做的事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?/p>
?[誤]Wouldyoucarefortoswimwithus?
?[正]Wouldyoucaretoswimwithus?
?[析]carefor后接不定式時(shí),要省略for,或換用名詞,如:Wouldyoucareforacupoftea.carefor作"照顧"講時(shí)與lookafter相同。在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)與for有關(guān)的詞組有:
?askfor請求callfor接人,請人carefor關(guān)心?
goinfor從事answerfor負(fù)責(zé)lookfor尋找
?waitfor等待sendfor請人payfor付款?
searchfor尋找leavefor去某地preparefor準(zhǔn)備?
thanksomebodyforsomething為某事向某人道謝。
?[誤]Areyouunderstandingit?Yes,Igottoit.
?[正]Doyouunderstandit?Yes,Igotit.
?[析]understand這一詞沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),如同感觀動(dòng)詞love、hate…Igotit是美語,即Iunderstoodit。要記住get作為"到達(dá)"講時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,如:Illgettotheschoolat8a.m.?初中范圍常用與to有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞詞組如下:?belongto屬于cometo蘇醒pointto(at)指著?getto到達(dá)referto談到stickto堅(jiān)持?leadto導(dǎo)致turnto翻到lookforwardto期望?agreeto同意
?[誤]Themeathasgonebadly.
?[正]Themeathasgonebad.
?[析]英語中g(shù)o,get,become,turn作為轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí),其后接形容詞,這時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞應(yīng)被看作系動(dòng)詞。
?[誤]Theteachersaidtheearthmovedaroundthesun.
?[正]Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.
?[析]如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),其賓語從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)。如果是過去時(shí),則賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與之呼應(yīng)。但地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)是不隨時(shí)間而變化的客觀事實(shí),所以還應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來表達(dá)。
?[誤]IllcometoseeyouassoonasIllbeback.
?[正]IllcometoseeyouassoonasIamback.
?[析]在狀語從句中要用一般時(shí)來表示將來,如:Ishouldtellhimwhenhecameback.
?[誤]Iwanttoknowwhetheryoucometomypartytomorrowornot.
?[正]Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillcometomypartytomorrowornot.
?[析]在賓語從句中則要用將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作。要注意的是如果賓語從句中仍有狀語從句時(shí),依然要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainstomorrowyoullcomehereornot.
?[誤]Whatdidyoudoateightlastnight?
?[正]Whatwereyoudoingateightlastnight?
?[析]在描述過去某一具體時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或從某時(shí)到某時(shí)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),如:IwaswashingclothesfromeighttillnoonlastSunday?
?[誤]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididntgowiththem,becauseIhaveseenitbefore.
?[正]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.IdidntgowiththembecauseIhadseenitbefore.
?[析]現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的相同之處是其動(dòng)作均開始于過去的某一點(diǎn),它的差別在于該動(dòng)作是截止到什么時(shí)候。如動(dòng)作截止到現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如動(dòng)作截止到過去,用過去完成時(shí)。例如:IvelearntEnglishforthreeyears.(到現(xiàn)在為止)又如:BeforeIwenttocollege,IhadlearntEnglishforthreeyears.(動(dòng)作截止到上大學(xué)那時(shí),即截止于過去)
?[誤]Imfeelingwellnow.
?[正]Ifeelwellnow.
?[析]瞬間動(dòng)詞有些無進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),它們是:?表示思維狀態(tài)的詞:believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want?表示感情的動(dòng)詞:care,like,dolike,love,mind,hate,fear?表示狀態(tài)的詞:belong,own?感觀動(dòng)詞:feel,hear,see,smell,taste
?[誤]Whenhaveyoudonethiswork?
?[正]Whendidyoudothiswork?
?[析]when提問的是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)不可用于完成時(shí)態(tài)的問句中。
?[誤]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasgonetomanyforeigncountries.
?[正]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasbeentomanyforeigncountries.
?[析]havegoneto是到某地去了,此人現(xiàn)在不在這里。havebeento是到過某地,現(xiàn)在此人在說話現(xiàn)場。
?[誤]Ihaveborrowedthisbookfortwoweeks.
?[正]Ihavekeptthisbookfortwoweeks.
?[析]截止性動(dòng)詞有完成時(shí)態(tài),但不可和與表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。如:WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbegun.?但要講WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbeonforfiveminutes這樣的用法還有buy,join,die,如:Iboughtthisbookyesterday.我昨天買的這本書。?Ihavehadthisbookfortwodays.這本書我已買了兩天了。
?Ijoinedtheclubtwoyearsago.兩年前我加入了這個(gè)俱樂部。
?Ihavebeeninthisclubfortwoyears.我加入這個(gè)俱樂部已兩年了。
?Myfatherdiedfiveyearsago.我父親是5年前去世的。
?Myfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears.我父親已去世5年了。
?[誤]Haveyouunderstoodthelessons?
?[正]Doyouunderstandthelessons?
?[析]有些動(dòng)詞不易用完成時(shí)態(tài),它們是understand,think,believe,know(知道)
?[誤]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarhadbrokenoutin1939.
?[誤]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarwasbrokenoutin1939.
?[析]在講述過去的歷史事件時(shí),總要用過去時(shí)而不要用完成時(shí),而且happen,breakout,takeplace作為發(fā)生講時(shí)均沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
?[誤]WhenIwalkedalongthestreet.Ihappenedtomeetanoldfriend.
?[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetIhappenedtomeetanoldfriend.
?[析]在一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的過程中,某一突然事件發(fā)生,這時(shí)長動(dòng)作應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)),而突發(fā)性動(dòng)作用一般時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)),如:Whenmyfatherisreadinganewspaperthetelephonerings.
?[誤]Pleasebuyabookforme.
?[正]Pleasebuymeabook.
?[正]Pleasebuyabooktome.
?[析]在接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞后面的兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)是直接賓語,一個(gè)是間接賓語,如:Buymeabook中me是間接賓語,而abook是直接賓語。如果將直接賓語前置,其后應(yīng)加to,如:Tellmeastory.Tellastorytome.Givemeabook.Giveabooktome.
?[誤]Hewasseencomeintothebookstore.
?[正]Hewasseentocomeintothebookstore.
?[析]在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,有時(shí)可以加不帶to的不定式作賓語,如:Isawhimcomeintothebookstore.但如果變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),則要將省略的to還原。當(dāng)然這些動(dòng)詞還可以加動(dòng)名詞作賓語,如:Isawhimcomingintothebookstore,如變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),則沒有變化。如:Hewasseencomingintothebookstore.
?[誤]Hownicethebookis!Isitsoldwell?
?[正]Hownicethebookis!Doesitsellwell?
?[析]有些動(dòng)詞可以表示一種動(dòng)作,但也可以用來表示某種性質(zhì),表示動(dòng)作時(shí)可用被動(dòng)語態(tài),在表示性質(zhì)時(shí)則不可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
?Thisbooksellswell.這本書暢銷。
?Thiscardriveseasily.這車容易駕駛。
?Theseclotheswasheasily.這些衣服好洗。
?在作上述表達(dá)時(shí),不要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。而要講:
?Thiskindofbookwassoldout.(這種書賣完了)
?Theseclotheswerewashedbythewashingmachine.這時(shí)要用被動(dòng)語態(tài),因?yàn)樗枋龅氖蔷唧w動(dòng)作。
?[誤]MustIdoitnow??
No.youmustnt.
?[正]MustIdoitnow??No,youneednt.
?[析]need用在疑問句和否定句中常用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,其后接不帶to的不定式。由must提問的問句作答語時(shí),如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用neednt,即為沒有必要。在肯定句中常用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,如:Ineedtowaitformyboy.
?[誤]Isthisbookyours?
?Yes,Its.
?[正]Isthisbookyours??
Yes,Itis.
?[析]在肯定的回答中不要用縮寫形式,而在否定的回答中可以用縮寫形式,如:No.Itisnt.
?[誤]Illhavemybikerepairtomorrow.
?[正]Illhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.
?[析]have+人+動(dòng)詞原形或現(xiàn)在分詞意為:讓某人作某事,如:Myfatherhadmetolearnhowtodrive,或Myfatherhadmedoingmyhomeworkfrommorningtillmight??have+物+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞為某件事被別人完成。如:Ihavemyhaircut.我去理發(fā)。而不是自己理發(fā)。如果講我想自己作某事,則用Iwanttorepairmybikemyself.
?[誤]Illgetmybrotherrepairthebikeforyou.
?[正]Illgetmybrothertorepairthebikeforyou.
?[析]have與get的用法有相同之處,也有不同之處。相同之處,如:havesomethingdone,也可用getsomethingdone,或have(get)somebodydoingsomething但不同之處在于havesomebodydosomething在用get時(shí)則要用getsomebodytodosomething。
?[誤]IhavetostudyonSaturdaybutIhaventtostudyafullday?
?[正]IhavetostudyonSaturday,butIdonthavetostudyafullday.
?[析]haveto不得不,而donthaveto為其否定式。
?[誤]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hemustntbeintheclassroom,becauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.
?[正]IsTomintheclassroom?No.HecantbeintheclassroombecauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.
?[析]must加動(dòng)詞原形表達(dá)一種比較肯定的推測,而表示否定的推測則要用cant。
?[誤]Mygrandpaisovereightybutheisabletoreadwithoutglasses.
?[正]Mygrandpaisovereighty,buthecanreadwithoutglasses.
?[析]can(could)多用于表達(dá)客觀的事實(shí),主觀能力,而beableto則多用于表達(dá)主觀的意愿。
?[誤]Shedoesntanswerthedoorbell.?Sheshouldbeasleep.
?[正]Shedoesntanswerthedoorbell.?Shemustbeasleep?
?[析]should用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的句子中應(yīng)譯為"應(yīng)該",如:Youshoulddoyourhomeworkrightaway.而must加動(dòng)詞原形表示一種推測。
?[誤]Doyouliketogowithus?
?[正]Wouldyouliketogowithus?
?[析]Doyoulike…問的是習(xí)慣,如:Doyoulikeswimming?而wouldyoulike是一次性的邀請。
?[誤]Iamusedtogetupearlyinthemorning.
?[正]Iamusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.
?[析]usedto共有三種用法,①表示過去的習(xí)慣,如:Iusedtolivewithmyparents.?②表示?過去的習(xí)慣延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,如:Iamusedtoswimmingintheriver.③用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),如: ?Oilis?usedtocook?
?[誤]Toplaywiththechildrenareveryinteresting.
?[正]Toplaywiththechildrenisveryinteresting.
?[析]不定式作主語時(shí),應(yīng)視為單數(shù)主語,特別是兩個(gè)不定式用and作連詞作主語時(shí),如指的是一件事也應(yīng)用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。如:Togetupearlyandtogotosleepearlyisgoodforyourhealth.
?[誤]Heaskedmedomyhomeworkalone.
?[正]Heaskedmetodomyhomeworkalone.
?[析]某些動(dòng)詞要求不定式作其賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語,它們是:asksomebodytodosomething要求某人做某事。tellsomebodytodosomething告訴某人做某事還有prepare準(zhǔn)備,decide決定,happento碰巧,seem似乎。
?[誤]hetoldmetodriveacar.
?[正]Hetoldmehowtodriveacar.
?[析]要學(xué)會(huì)疑問詞加不定式的用法,特別要注意的是what是疑問代詞,而how是疑問副詞。如:Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(我想知道干什么)。Iwanttoknowhowtodoit.(我想知道如何去作)。要注意的是howtodoit中的it是不可少的,因how是疑問副詞,不能作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語,而what是疑問代詞,可做do的賓語,所以whattodo后不要加it。
?[誤]Iamverygladmeetingyou.
?[正]Iamverygladtomeetyou.
?[析]許多形容詞后加不定式,這樣用時(shí)形容詞多是用來描述人物的感情、態(tài)度,如:glad,happy,pleased,lucky,sorry,sad,upset,ready,careful,surprised。
?[誤]Imtoogladforseeingyou.
?[正]Imtoogladtoseeyou.
?[析]這句話不能按照too…to的句型翻譯為:我太高興了以至于不想見你。而應(yīng)譯為:見到你太高興了。又如:Sheistoohonesttotellthetruth?應(yīng)譯為:她很誠實(shí),不會(huì)不講實(shí)話。
?[誤]Tomistooyoungnottojointhearmy.
?[正]Tomistooyoungtojointhearmy.
?[析]這是too…to的正常用法,太如何如何以至于不能如何。
?[誤]Iwenttothehospitalforseeingmyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.
?[正]Iwenttothehospitaltoseemyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.
?[析]在句中表示某動(dòng)作的目的時(shí),要用不定式而不能用for加動(dòng)名詞。
?[誤]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtosit.
?[正]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtositon.
?[析]當(dāng)不定式作后置定語時(shí),將不定式放于名詞之后。如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則其后面的介詞不要省略。如:Isatonthechair.這樣的用法還有:Iwanttofindaroomtolivein.Iwanttofindapentowritewith.
?[誤]Whenmotherwasaboutleavingthebabycriedsuddenly.
?[正]Whenmotherwasabouttoleavethebabycriedsuddenly.
?[析]beaboutto是表達(dá)較近的即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,可用來表示將來時(shí),或按計(jì)劃、安排的事。
?[誤]Thisworkisdifficulttobedone.
?[正]Thisworkisdifficulttodo.
?[析]在不定式作賓語時(shí),下列情況常用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)。①句子的主語即是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Ihavealotofletterstowrite.②句中的賓語是不定式中動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Couldyoufindmeajobtodo?③在形容詞之后的不定式,如:Englishisdifficulttolearn.
?[誤]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus??Yes,Idlove.
?[正]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus??Yes,Idloveto.
?[析]在口語簡答語中要將不定式符號(hào)保留,如:?Ihadto(不得不作)Imgoingto(打算作)Iusedto(過去習(xí)慣作)?Idloveto(喜歡作)Ihopeto(希望作某事)Illbegladto(高興作)
?[誤]Didyouseesomeonetodothisworkforme?
?[正]Didyouseesomeonedothisworkforme?
?[析]在感觀動(dòng)詞之后常接不帶to的不定式。這些詞是see,lookat,watch,hear,listento,feel,notice。
?[誤]Hewasseenpreparethiscar.
?[正]Hewasseentopreparethiscar.
?[析]在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要將主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中省去的不定式還原回來。
?[誤]Please?Letmychildtotryitagain.
?[正]Please?Letmychildtryitagain.
?[析]在make,have,let后加不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
?[誤]Whynottodoitagain?
?[正]Whynotdoitagain?
?[析]Whynot,youdbetter后接不帶to的不定式,如:Youdbettergo.但要注意的是它的否定式是Youdbetternotgo.
?[誤]Whenheheardthenewshecouldnthelptocry.
?[正]Whenheheardthenewshecouldnthelpcrying.
?[析]canthelp+現(xiàn)在分詞表示情不自禁作某事。
?[誤]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallingleaves.
?[正]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallenleaves.
?[析]現(xiàn)在分詞作定語有正在的含義,如:fallingleave正下落的葉子。而過去分詞作定語fallenleaves是落地的葉子。過去分詞含有已經(jīng)完成的意思。
?[誤]Doyouhearsomeonesingintheoffice?
?[正]Doyouhearsomeonesingingintheoffice?
?[析]感觀動(dòng)詞可用不帶to的不定式來作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)作的全過程或已結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,而用現(xiàn)在分詞表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作。
?[誤]Iwanttoshopsomefoodforsupper.
?[正]Iwanttobuysomefoodforsupper.
?[正]Iwanttogoshopping.
?[析]shop作買東西講時(shí),要用goshopping,其后不要加所購買的東西。這樣的用法還有:?goboating劃船gosailing航海goskating滑冰?goshooting射擊godancing去跳舞gofishing釣魚?goswimming去游泳……不要用錯(cuò),也不要改為其他式,因?yàn)檫@是習(xí)慣用法。
?[誤]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtotalk.
?[正]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom.thestudentsstoppedtalking.
?[析]stoptodosomething是停下來去做某事,而stopdoingsomething則是停止做某事。
?[誤]Ididntrememberclosingthedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.
?[正]Ididntremembertoclosethedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.
?[析]remember后接不定式是記著去做某事,即該動(dòng)作并沒有完成。而remember后接動(dòng)名詞則表明該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)作完了。如:Doremembertoturnoffthelight,beforeyouleave.即在你離開前記著去關(guān)燈。而關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作并沒有做。Iremembermeetingyousomewhere.我記得在某處見過你。而相見一事已經(jīng)作完了。相同用法還有forget。
?[誤]WhenIfinishedtodothisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.
?[正]WhenIfinisheddoingthisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.
?[析]在英語中有些動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。在初中范圍主要有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞finish和enjoy,千萬不要與like相比。因?yàn)閘ike作動(dòng)詞"喜歡"用時(shí),其后接動(dòng)名詞表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,接不定式表示一次性特殊的動(dòng)作,而wouldyoulike后面則一定要用不定式。
?[誤]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentonplayingthefootball.
?[正]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentontoplayfootball.
?[析]goontodosomething是做完一件事緊跟著做另一件事。而goondoingsomething是在做一件事的過程中被打斷后接著再繼續(xù)做這件事。
?[誤]Hesbusytopreparehislessons.
?[正]Hesbusypreparinghislessons.
?[析]bebusy后加doing而不能接不定式。
?(三)例題解析
?1?MrZhangaskedme___thewordsagain.
?A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading
[答案]C.[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。
?2?You___playontheroad.Itsdangerous.
?A.mustntB.mayC.canD.must
?[答案]A.?[析]must用于否定句表示禁止做某事。
?3?MrBrown___inBeijingsince1993.
?A.workB.worksC.workedD.hasworked
?[答案]D.
?[析]句中有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語,因此句中要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。
?4?I___aletterwhenmymothercamein.
?A.writeB.amwritingC.waswritingD.willwrite
?[答案]C.
?[析]當(dāng)母親進(jìn)來時(shí)是一個(gè)瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)作,而寫信是一個(gè)長動(dòng)作,所以寫信這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示在寫信過程中發(fā)生的另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作。
?5?Itsnotanimportantparty,youneednt___.
?A.payforitB.wearitoutC.tryitoutD.dressupforit
?[答案]D.?[析]payfor-為某物,某人付款,wearout-穿壞,磨破,tryout-選拔,挑選,而dressup-梳妝打扮。
?6?CanI___abikefromhim?
?A.lendB.returnC.giveD.borrow
?[答案]D.
?[析]borrowsomethingfrom…為向某人某處借某物。而lend,return,give后面的介詞應(yīng)用to。
?7?-MustIstayathome?
?-No,you___.
?A.mustntB.needntC.maynotD.cannot?[答案]B.
?[析]neednt為"沒有必要必須做某事",而mustnt為"禁止做",cannot為"不能做"。根據(jù)題意是:你不一定待在家里。
?8?-Howlonghaveyou___h(yuǎn)ere?
?-Abouttwomonths.
?A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived?[答案]A.
?[析]havebeenhere是個(gè)狀態(tài),可以與后面的長時(shí)間狀語連接,而其他三個(gè)動(dòng)詞都是瞬間動(dòng)詞。
?9?Stamps___bypeopleforsendingletters.
?A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused?[答案]D.
?[析]這里是被動(dòng)語態(tài),意為郵票被人們用來發(fā)信。
?10?TheradiosaysTianjinwillbe___tomorrow.
?A.rainsB.rainC.rainedD.rainy
?[答案]D.?[析]rainy為形容詞作表語。
?11?Ifyoudontknowthisword,___inthedictionary.
?A.lookforitB.lookatitC.lookafteritD.lookitup
?[答案]D.?[析]lookup查字典,與look有關(guān)的詞組有:
lookabout四周環(huán)視
lookafter照顧
lookaround周圍,四處看
lookat看
lookback回顧
lookfor尋找
lookforwardto期待
lookout當(dāng)心
looklike看上去像
12?Myfathertoldme___playonthestreet.
?A.notB.tonotC.nottoD.didnot
?[答案]C.?[析]不定式的否定式是nottodosomething.
13?Thereisgoingto___anEnglishpartythisevening.
?A.beB.hasC.haveD.is
?[答案]A.
?[析]這里是therebe無生命的"有"加助動(dòng)詞的句型,即therewillbe,而沒有therehave的句型。
?14?There___nobusstopherelastyear.
?A.isB.wasC.areD.were?[答案]B.
?[析]lastyear為去年,所以用過去時(shí)。而therebe句型的單復(fù)數(shù)要看be動(dòng)詞之后離之最近的名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如:Thereisapenandtwopencilsonthedesk.
?15?Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeetingifit___tomorrow.
?A.isntrainB.rainsC.wontrainD.doesntrain
?[答案]D.?[析]在狀語從句中應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)來表示將來。
?16?Bikesmustnt___everywhere.
?A.beputB.beputtedC.putD.putting?[答案]A.
?[析]這里是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。與put有關(guān)的詞組如下:?
putaway放好
putoff推遲
uton穿上
putout撲滅
putdown放下
17?NeitherLiLeinorHanMeimei___Harbin.
?A.havebeentoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.hasgoneto
?[答案]B.?[析]hasbeento是去過某處。
?18?Itscoldtodayyoudbetter___morecoats.
?A.putonC.toputonD.totakeoff
?[答案]A.
?[析]dbetter其后加不帶to的不定式,而puton為"穿上"。
?19?Henry___abirthdaycardforSamyesterday.
?A.hasboughtB.buysC.boughtD.willbuy?[答案]C.
?[析]因句中的yesterday為表達(dá)過去的時(shí)間狀語,所以應(yīng)用過去時(shí)態(tài)。?
20?WhenIgottothefactory,theworkers___aboutthefilim.
?A.aretalkingB.talkedC.weretalkingD.havetalked
?[答案]C.
?[析]狀語從句中所用的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí),則主句中也要與之呼應(yīng)。而工人們在談?wù)撾娪盀橐婚L時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,所以要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
21?Nohurry,please___yourtime.
?A.takeB.bringC.carryD.catch
?[答案]A?[析]takeonestime慢慢來別著急。?
22?Ienjoy___thelightmusic.
?A.tolistentoB.listeningtoC.hearingD.tohear
?[答案]B.
?[析]enjoy與finish其后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。?
23?Please___assoonasyougetthere.
?A.ringmeupB.ringupmeC.wakemeupD.wakeupme
?[答案]A.
?[析]ringup打電話,而wakeup喚醒。英文中有很多動(dòng)詞詞組如其賓語是代詞時(shí),一定要放在動(dòng)詞與介詞之間。?
24?WhenI___,Iwanttobeateacher.
?A.growsupB.growupC.shallgrowD.grewup
?[答案]B.
?[析]growup長大。而狀語從句要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,即使主句也用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但它含有將來之意。
?25?Icalledhimandhe___tohaveatalkwithme.
?A.stopB.stopsC.stopedD.stopped
?[答案]D.
?[析]這是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列句,所以時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。?26?-Wouldyouplease___meanevaser,Lucy?
?-Certainly.Hereyouare.
?A.borrowB.lendC.borrowedD.lent
?[答案]B.
?[析]wouldyouplease其后接不帶to的不定式即動(dòng)詞原形,而borrow為"借入"而lend為"借出"。
?27?Trees___inspring.
?A.plantB.wereplantedC.shouldbeplantedD.shouldplant
?[答案]C.?
[析]should用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中表示應(yīng)該,而此句又是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
28?-Wheresyourfather?
?-He___toParis.
?A.goB.goesC.wentD.hasgone
?[答案]D.
?[析]hasgone是已去某處了,不在這里了。所以強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作影響到現(xiàn)在。?
29?-MustIfinishmyhomeworkinclassnow?
?-No,you___.Youcandoitathome.
?A.mustntB.maynotC.needntD.can
?[答案]C.
?[析]neednt表示沒有必要一定要這樣做。由must提問,肯定句用must,否定句用neednt.?
30?Thankyouverymuchfor___yourbook___me.
?A.lending,toB.lent,toC.borrow,fromD.borrowing,from
?[答案]A.
?[析]for是介詞,要用動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語。
?31?TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom___theearthaway.
?A.blowingB.blow.C,blowsD.toblow
?[答案]A.
?[析]stop…fromdoingsomething.阻止某人或某物作某事。
?32?ThestudentswillgototheWestHillFarmbybike,ifit___finetomorrow.
?A.willbeB.isC.shallbeD.was?[答案]B.
?33?Ourteacheralwaystellsus___inthestreet.Itstoodangerous.
?A.dontplayB.nottoplayC.toplayD.notplay
?[答案]B.?[析]不定式的否定式為nottodo。?
34?Englishisausefullanguage.It___widelyintheworld.
?A.isspokenB.wasspokenC.canspeakD.willspeak
?[答案]A.?[析]本句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
?35?Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.It___abird.
?A.looksatB.lookslikeC.looksforD.looksafter
?[答案]B.?[析]looklike像……,其中l(wèi)ike為介詞。
?36?-Look!WhatsWangPingdoingoverthere?
?-She___underabigtree.
?A.singsB.sangC.hassungD.issinging?[答案]D.
?37?You___seeadoctor.Youvegotabadcold.
?A.willB.aregoingtoC.hadbetterD.could
?[答案]C.?[析]hadbetter最好,意為一種真心的勸告。
38?Yourradioistooloud.Wouldyouplease___?
?A.turndownitB.turnitdownC.toturndownitD.toturnitdown
?[答案]B.?[析]wouldyouplease后面加動(dòng)詞原形。?
39?Couldyoutellmeifit___tomorrow?
?A.rainsB.israiningC.willrainD.rain?[答案]C.
?[析]if從句是賓語從句,而不是狀語從句。所以還是要用將來時(shí),而不能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
40?Suddenlyoneofthebags___thetruckandlandedinthemiddleoftheroad.
?A.felloutB.felldownC.felloffD.willbe?[答案]C.
?[析]falloff掉落,與off有關(guān)的詞組有?seeoff送行g(shù)iveoff散發(fā)shutoff關(guān)閉kickoff踢掉turnoff關(guān)閉getoff下車jumpoff跳下showof炫耀takeoff脫下payoff付清
41?He___atthisschoolsincetwoyearsago.
?A.wasB.hasbeenC.isD.willbe
?[答案]B.?[析]since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)與完成時(shí)相呼應(yīng)。
?42?Shedoesntknow___.
?A.whentodoB.whattodoC.howtodoD.wheretodo
?[答案]B.
?[析]when,how,where均為疑問副詞,而what為疑問代詞,又因do是及物動(dòng)詞需要賓語。如用疑問副詞時(shí)應(yīng)為whentodoit,howtodoit,wheretodoit.
?43?Mustolderpeople___topolitely.
?A.speakB.spokenC.bespokeD.bespoken?[答案]D.
?[析]這句話的主動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)為Peoplemustspeakpolitelytoolderpeople?對年齡較大的人講話應(yīng)有禮貌。?
44?Teachersusuallyasktheirstudents___loudlyinclass.
?A.tospeakB.speakC.speaksD.spoke?[答案]A.
?[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。?
45?-WhereisMrZhang?
?-Look!He___onabigmachineoverthere.
?A.worksB.workedC.isworkingD.hasworked
?[答案]C.
?[析]由look,liston等詞開始的句子一般要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
46?Theresafootballmatch.Please___theTVatonce.Letswatchtogether.
?A.turnonB.takeoffC.turnoffD.goon?[答案]A.
?[析]turnon打開。與turn有關(guān)的詞組有:turnagainst背叛turnon打開turn+顏色變?yōu)槟撤N顏色turnoff關(guān)閉turnover翻轉(zhuǎn)turnto翻到某頁turninto變?yōu)閠urnup向上翻
47?Pleasetellmewhere___h(yuǎn)aveourpicnictomorrow.
?A.wewillB.willweC.willD.willyou?[答案]A.
?[析]where引導(dǎo)的從句是賓語從句,而不是狀語從句。
?48?We___Englishforthreeyearsalready.AndwecanspeakalittleEnglishnow.
?A.learnB.havelearnedC.haslearnedD.willlearn
?[答案]B.
?[析]for+表示一段長度的時(shí)間詞,應(yīng)與完成時(shí)相呼應(yīng)。
?49?Atlast,LinFengmadethebaby___andbegintolaugh.
?A.stoptocryB.stopcryingC.tostoptocryD.tostopcrying
?[答案]B.
?[析]makesomebodydo(ordoing)something,stopdoing意為停止做某事。
?50?Ourclassroommust___cleaneveryday.
?A.keepB.tokeepC.bekeptD.tobekept?[答案]C.
?[析]應(yīng)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
?51?Ihearthere___asportsmeetinginourschoolnextweek.
A.isgoingtohaveB.willhave?C.isgoingtobeD.aregoingtobe
?[答案]C.
?[析]這是hear的賓語從句是therebe句型。而且是用了begoingto形式。
?52?Itsgettingcolder,Peter.Youdbetter_thiscoatwithyou.
?A.bringB.carryC.takeD.get?[答案]C.
?[析]bring帶來,take帶走。
?53?Ourclassroomiscleanandtidy.?It___everyday.
?A.cleansB.iscleaningC.cleanedD.iscleaned
?[答案]D.
?[析]這里表達(dá)的是經(jīng)常的一種狀態(tài),所以應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。?
54?Ifyouarenotcarefulinthestreet,acarmay___you.
?A.hurtB.hitC.runD.catch
?[答案]B.?[析]hit撞上,碰上,擊中
?55?Thefarmerswerebusy___readyforthenextyear.
?A.gotB.gettingC.togetD.get?[答案]B.
?[析]bebusy后應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的ing形式。
2011屆中考英語名詞語法復(fù)習(xí)
一名詞
(一)知識(shí)概要
名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法,但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類:專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義,專有名詞是指:個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱,如,theGreatWall,America…它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞,如pen,worker…它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物;集體名詞,如:family,class,team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體;物質(zhì)名詞,如:water,paper…它表示的是一種物質(zhì),原材料;而后一種是抽象名詞,如:work,time…它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到,但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。
名詞一覽表
種類
專有名詞
London,John,theCommunistPartyofChina
普通名詞類名詞nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table
集體名詞class,family,army,police,team,people
物質(zhì)名詞water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand
抽象名詞happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest
功用
主語MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.
表語Hisfatherisascientist.
賓語Weloveourgreatmotherland.
賓語補(bǔ)足語HemadeLondonthebaseforhiswork.
定語Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowesrs.
狀語Thecarcosthim1000dollars.
同位語MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.
名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù),即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算,所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞,所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種??蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是:
1.一般情況加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀[s],在元音和濁輔音后讀[z]。
如:map—map,boy—boys.
2.在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為[iz]。
3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s,其讀音為[iz]。
4.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,要將y變?yōu)閕再加es,讀作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries,family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。
5.以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞,縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos
6.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es,如:knife—knives,leaf—leaves,但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。
7.不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的,它沒有規(guī)律可循,如:man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice
8.單復(fù)同形的名詞有:fish,sheep,deer…
9.單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。?名詞還有格的變化,其主格可作主語,賓格可作賓語。還有所有格,用來表示人或物的所有,以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加s其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s,如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加s,如:astudentsroom,studentsrooms,ChildrensDay.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用s,如:atwentyminuteswalk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu),如:thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers
(二)正誤辨析
[誤]Pleasegivemeapaper.
[正]Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.
[析]不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞,這種原因是對英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了,所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤,因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類,是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí),要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá),如:twopiecesofpaper.
[誤]Pleasegivemetwoletterpapers.
[正]Pleasegivemetwopiecesofletterpaper.
[析]paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞,而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞,如:Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.
[誤]Myglassesisbroken.
[正]Myglassesarebroken.
[誤]Iwanttobuytwoshoes.
[正]Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.
[析]英語中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡,shoes—鞋,trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用apairofglasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如:Thispairofglassesisverygood.
[誤]MayIborrowtworadioes?
[正]MayIborrowtworadios?
[析]以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式,但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.
[誤]ThisisaMarysdictionary.
[正]ThisisMarysdictionary.
[析]如名詞前有指示代詞this,that,thesethose,及其他修飾詞our,some,every,which,或所有格時(shí),則不要再加冠詞。
[誤]Therearemuchpeopleinthegarden.
[正]Therearemanypeopleinthegarden.
[析]可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many,few,afew,alotof來修飾,而people是可數(shù)名詞,而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如:Thepeopleareplantingtreeshere.
[誤]Iwantafewwater.
[正]Iwantalittlewater.
[析]不可數(shù)名詞前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some來修飾,但不可用many,few來修飾。
[誤]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyisverykindtome.
[正]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.
[誤]TomsandMarysfamilyarewaitingforus.
[正]TomsandMarysfamiliesarewaitingforus.
[誤]Imsorry.Ihavetogo.Tomsfamiliesarewaitingforme.
[正]Imsorry.Ihavetogo.Tomsfamilyarewaitingforme.
[析]集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體,則應(yīng)視為單數(shù),如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:Myfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,TomsfamilywerewatchingTV.即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有:familyclass,team等。
[誤]Donteattoomuchmeats.
[正]Donteattoomuchmeat.
[誤]Foodinthatrestaurantisverygood.
[正]Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood.
[析]物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,在使用中不可以加s,即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如:Idontlikedrinkingcoffee,butthecoffeeinthatcupisreallygood.
[誤]Pleasegivemetwowaters.
[正]Pleasegivemetwoglassesofwater.
[正]Pleasegivemetwocoffees.
[析]物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí),一定要加量詞,?如:twocupsoftea,twoglassesofwater,aglassofmilk,aloafofbread,
apieceofbread,aboxofsugar,
abowlofrice,abottleoforange,
abagofearth
?例:Illtellyouapieceofgoodnews.
但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代manycupsofcoffee.
[誤]Canyougivemethenewspaperoftoday?
[正]Canyougivemetodaysnewspaper?
[析]加s構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如:Maryshair,但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用s來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如:afiveminuteswalk.
[誤]Pleasemakearoomfortheladyintheschoolbus.
[正]Pleasemakeroomfortheladyintheschoolbus.
[析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的,
如:room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”,如:IliveinRoom5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。”這樣的詞還有:glass玻璃glasses眼鏡stone石頭astone一塊石頭time時(shí)間twotimes兩次wood木頭woods樹林
[誤]Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.
[正]Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.
[析]名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外,還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞,這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式,如:shoefactory(鞋廠),postoffice(郵局),eveningpaper(晚報(bào)),nightschool(夜校),headmaster(校長),alawschool(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外,如:agoodstrain(貨車),sportsmeeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。
[誤]Mymotherboughttwofishesforsupperthismorning.
[正]Mymotherboughttwofishforsupperthismorning.
[析]英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中國人),means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講onefish,twofish,oneChinese,twoChinese.如果講Therearefivefishesinthepool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。
[誤]Maryexpressedherthanktoherboyfriend.
[正]Maryexpressedherthankstoherboyfriend.
[析]英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:thanks,greens,而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes為衣服,而cloth則是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙灘。
[誤]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationonhissuccess.
[正]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationsonhissuccess.
[析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式,但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shakehands.
[誤]WehavefiveGermaninthismeeting.
[正]WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.
[析]英國人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen,而German則要加s,因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢cman的組合詞。
[誤]TherearetwoAsinthisword.
[正]TherearetwoAsinthisword.
[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s,但如字母是A、I時(shí),為了防止與As和Is相混,則要用s即As,Is
[誤]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.
[正]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.
[析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用s
[誤]Wehavemanywomanteachersinourschool.
[正]Wehavemanywomenteachersinourschool.
[析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如:?
halfbrother—halfbrothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughterinlaw—daughtersinlaw,(兒媳)但要注意的是:mandriver—mendrivers(男司機(jī))womandoctor—womendoctors(女大夫)grownup—grownups(成年人)但是boystudent—?jiǎng)t變?yōu)閎oystudents
[誤]Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.
[正]Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.
[析]雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有:科學(xué),學(xué)科名字:Physics.Mathematicspolitics游戲名稱:bowls專有名稱:NiagaraFalls(尼亞加拉瀑布)其他名詞:news(消息,新聞)
[誤]Thereisapeopleintheroom.
[正]Thereisapersonintheroom.
[正]Thereisamanintheroom.
[析]people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,不可用作單數(shù),如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用aperson,aman,awoman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用apoliceman,apolicewoman。
[誤]Whereismyshoe?
[正]Wherearemyshoes?
[析]常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers,pants,shorts(短褲),socks(襪子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明,這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:Wheresmyleftglove?(我左手的手套在哪?)
[誤]Ipaidfivepenniesforthesweet.
[正]Ipaidfivepenceforthesweet.
[析]英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣,如:Iwanttochangethisnoteforpennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。
[誤]Therearemanyfruitintheshop.
[正]Therearemanyfruitsintheshop.
[析]物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞,這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。?
[誤]Thereisanewcar.ItisJonesandMarys.
[正]Thereisanewcar.ItisJoneandMarys.
[析]有生命名詞的所有格,如果是單數(shù)名詞則加s如:Maryscar.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如:teachersoffices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾,則只加’s,如:childrenspalace組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加s如:girlfriend—girlfriendssomeoneelse—someoneelsesaweekorthree—aweekorthrees如名詞后有同位語時(shí),則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上,如:Itismygirlfriend,Maryscar.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí),如表示歸兩人共同所有,則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加s,如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加s,如:ThisisMaryandJoneshome.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而TheseareMarysandJoneshomes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone的家。
[誤]Itisreallybeautiful.Itisaworkofnature.
[正]Itisreallybeautiful.ItisaNatureswork.
[析]無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞:表示時(shí)間的詞:todaysnewspaper,atwentyminuteswalk,anhours,rest表示長度的詞:threemetresdistance,aboatslength,twentymilesjourney表示重量的名詞:twopoundsweight價(jià)格名詞:twodollarsworth擬人化的名詞:Natureswork,natureslesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞:theuniversityslibrary
[誤]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather.
[正]Heisanoldfriendofmyfathers.
[析]這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如:ThispenisToms.
[誤]Myfatherisagoodcooker.
[正]Myfatherisagoodcook.
[析]一般動(dòng)詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:teach(教)—teacher(老師),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(開車)—driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)—seller(賣物者)……但不能總是以此類推,比如cook是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講,而cooker則為廚具,餐具,即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。
[誤]Theyoungisdancingthere.
[正]Theyoungaredancingthere.
[析]英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如:therich富人,thepoor(窮人),thewise聰明人,但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞,如:Thebeautifulisstillhere.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。
[誤]Thestoriesofthebookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.
[正]Thestoriesofthebookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.
[析]這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories,所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。
[誤]ThisisoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionary.
[正]ThisisoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionaries.
[析]oneof意為“……之一”,of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
[誤]LetsgotouncleWangforsupper.
[正]LetsgotouncleWangsforsupper.
[析]uncleWangs意為“王叔叔家”,doctors意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。
[誤]Ithinkwewillmakeafriendwitheachother.
[正]Ithinkwewillmakefriendswitheachother.
[析]makefriends為習(xí)慣用法,即交朋友。
[誤]Iwanttotellyoumuchpiecesofgoodnews.
[正]Iwanttotellyoumanypiecesofgoodnews.
[析]news為不可數(shù)名詞,但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞,因量詞是可數(shù)名詞,或可以說Iwanttotellyousomegoodnews.因some即可用在可數(shù)名詞前,也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞,如:Iwanttotellyousomepiecesofgoodnews.
[誤]Theteacherwithfivestudentsarecominghere.
[正]Theteacherwithfivestudentsiscominghere.
[析]要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語,這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別,如:Theteacherandfivestudentsarecominghere.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。
[誤]Therearealotofinformationhere,butwedontneedthem.
[正]Thereisalotofinformationhere,butwedontneedit.
[析]information為不可數(shù)名詞,而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.
[誤]Manyastudentmakethesamemistakeintheexam.
[正]Manyastudentmakesthesamemistakeintheexam.
[析]manya加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,但其意為許多學(xué)生。
[誤]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothtogotoschooltoday.
[正]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothestogotoschooltoday.
[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞:cloth是物質(zhì)名詞,意為“布”,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而clothing是指衣物的總稱,也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服,但沒有單數(shù)形式,如:Thisclothingisneededinwarmcountries.Herclothesaremadeoffinecloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝,如:aschooldress校服,aneveningdress晚禮服。
[誤]IliketostudytheEnglish.
[正]IliketostudyEnglish.
[析]作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞,而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞,如:Iliketostudyhistory.IliketostudythehistoryofAmerica.
[誤]TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.
[正]TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.
[析]定冠詞加姓加s,則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為:Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。
(三)例題解析
1.LucyandLily___inthesameclass.
A.amB.isC.areD.be
[答案]C.
[析]由and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動(dòng)詞。
2.Whichisthe___tothebusstop,please?
AroadBwayCstreetDaddress
[答案]B.
[析]這是考察同意詞辨析,road是指較寬闊的大道,意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”,而street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高,可視為街道之意,而way則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑,還可引深為方式、方法。而address則為“地址”。如:Thereisacarrunningalongthecountryroad.?Iliveat105Parkstreet.CanyoushowmethewaytotheNationalMuseum?
3.Hurryup!Thereis___timeleft.
AlittleBalittleCfewDafew
[答案]A.
[析]因time作為時(shí)間講為不可數(shù)名詞,所以不可用few,afew來修飾。另外,英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同,中文講,快點(diǎn),時(shí)間不多了,而英文要講,快點(diǎn),沒時(shí)間了。因此,要用little而不用alittle.
4.Howmany___canyouseeinthepicture?
AtomatosBtomatoesCtomatoDthetomato
[答案]B.
[析]用Howmany提問時(shí),其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,而tomato的復(fù)數(shù)要加es.
5.—?。撸撸遡sthemeat.Please?
— Tenyuanakilo.
AHowmuchBHowmanyCHowoldDHowlong
[答案]A.
[析]由對話的答語可看出其問句問的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)格講時(shí),不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞,要用howmuch提問。
6TheboysnameisJamesAllenGreen.Sohisgivennameis___.
AJamesAllenBAllenGreenCJamesGreenDMr.Green
?[答案]A.
[析]英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文則是姓在最后,其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的,中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可稱作givenname,而姓在英文中是familyname.
7Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest___inourcountry.
AcityBcitysCcitysDcities
?[答案]D.
[析]復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。oneof加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。
8Wouldyoupleasepassme___?
Atwopaper Btwopapers
CtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers
?[答案]C.
[析]paper是不可數(shù)名詞,如講一張、兩張紙時(shí),要用量詞piece.
9September10this___Day.
ATeacherBTeachersCTeachersDTeachers
?[答案]D.
10Ionlyhave___breadforlunchtoday.
AabitBabitofClittleDfew
[答案]B.
11“Whatwouldyoulike,Ann?”“Idliketwo___.”
AglassofmilkBglassesofmilk
CglassofmilksDglassesofmilks
?[答案]B.
12Thereisnt___paperinthebox.Willyougoandget___forme?
Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any
?[答案]A.
[析]any用于否定句與疑問句,但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí),問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.
13June1stis___.
AChildrensdayBchildrensDay
CChildrensDayDchildrensday?
[答案]C.
14Theseforeignfriendsare___.
AGermanBGermenCGermanyDGermans
[答案]D.
15Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgotothecinema.
AmanyBlittleCafewDfew
?[答案]D.
[析]student是可數(shù)名詞,而few用于可數(shù)名詞,意為:幾乎沒有學(xué)生去電影院。
16Therearethree___andseven___inthepicture.
Adeers,sheepsBdeers,sheep
Cdeer,sheepDdeer,sheeps
?[答案]C.
[析]deer與sheep均是單復(fù)同形的名詞。
?17Whoseroomisthis?Its___.
AmyBKikesandJohns
CourDKikeandJohns
[答案]D.
[析]因?yàn)閞oom為單數(shù),所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間,應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。