小學(xué)語文微課教案
發(fā)表時(shí)間:2020-12-09UndertheseaPeriod4 Grammar。
一名合格的教師要充分考慮學(xué)習(xí)的趣味性,教師在教學(xué)前就要準(zhǔn)備好教案,做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。教案可以讓學(xué)生能夠在課堂積極的參與互動(dòng),幫助授課經(jīng)驗(yàn)少的教師教學(xué)。優(yōu)秀有創(chuàng)意的教案要怎樣寫呢?小編特地為大家精心收集和整理了“UndertheseaPeriod4 Grammar”,僅供參考,希望能為您提供參考!
Period4 GrammarTeachingaims
1.Studentswillbeabletorecognizethe-ing/beingdoneformsandknowtheexactmeaningsofthem.
2.Studentswillbeabletousethesetwoformscorrectly.
Teachingprocedures
?Step1 Revision
Askstudentstoanswerthefollowingquestionswithoutreferringtothetextbook.
1.WhatdidClancywitnesswhenherandowntotheshore?
2.WhydidClancyruninahurry?
3.WhatdidOldTomdowhentheyheadedintothebay?
4.WhatdidOldTomdoafterGeorgebeatthewater?
5.WhatdidClancywitnesswhentheydrewnear?
Suggestedanswers:
1.Hesawawhalethrowingitselfoutofthewaterandthencrashing_downagain.
2.BecauseClancyhadalreadyheardthatGeorgedidntlikebeing_kept_waiting.
3.TheycouldseeOldTomswimmingbytheboat,showingthemtheway.
4.Tomcircledbacktotheboat,leadingthemtothehuntagain.
5.Hecouldseeawhalebeing_attackedbyapackofaboutsixotherkillers.
Next,askstudentstopayattentiontotheunderlinedwordsandleadintothegrammaritem—“v.-ing”/“beingdone”.
?Step2 Grammarlearning
1.現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing形式)的構(gòu)成。
v.-ing形式由“do+ing”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“notdoing”,v.-ing可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成v.-ing短語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。
2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)式分一般式和完成式:
(1)一般式:表示這個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
(2)完成式:強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前完成。
語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般式
(not)doing
(not)beingdone
完成式
(not)havingdone
(not)havingbeendone3.動(dòng)詞-ing的被動(dòng)式的句法功能。
(1)作主語。如:So_being_killed_by_sharkswasacommonthing.
(2)作賓語,用在介詞后或需要帶-ing形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞后。如:
Georgedidntlikebeing_kept_waiting.
Hewasterrifiedofbeing_abandoned_by_us.
Doyouremember_having_been_takentoBeijingattheageoften?
(3)作表語。如:
Whatworriedthechildmostwashisnot_being_allowed_tovisithismotherinthehospital.
(4)作定語。如:
Theproblembeing_discussedisofgreatimportance.
(5)作狀語。如:
Having_been_shown_aroundthelibrary,weweretakentoseethelab.
(6)作補(bǔ)足語。如:
Aswedrewcloser,Icouldseeawhalebeing_attackedbyapackofaboutsixotherkillers.
Whenweapproachedhim,IsawJamesbeing_held_upinthewaterbyOldTom.
[注意]
(1)v.-ing形式的被動(dòng)式主要在句子中作狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和定語。但v.-ing形式的被動(dòng)式的完成式,一般在句中作狀語(偶爾作非限定定語),不作其他成分。
Theydontlikethe_design_of_the_new_bridge_being_built.(正在建造的橋的設(shè)計(jì))
Not_having_been_completed,themuseumcantbevisitedyet.(由于沒有完工……)
(2)v.-ing形式的被動(dòng)式邏輯主語(即動(dòng)作的承受者)如果也是主句的主語,就不需要表示出來,但是如果邏輯主語不是主句的主語,就得把v.-ing形式自己的主語表示出來。如:
Thewholeclassroomhaving_been_cleaned,thestudentswenthomehappily.
(3)在want,need,deserve,require,repay,bear,take等動(dòng)詞及形容詞worth后,習(xí)慣用動(dòng)詞-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,相當(dāng)于“tobedone”。如:
Thehousewants_cleaning.
這房屋需要打掃。
Mywatchneeds_repairing.
我的手表需要修理。
Thewaydeserves_mentioning.
這個(gè)方法值得一提。
Theseyoungtreeswillrequire_looking_aftercarefully.
這些小樹需要細(xì)心照顧。
Thefilmisworth_seeing.
這部影片值得一看。
?Step3 Exercises
句型轉(zhuǎn)換(改成帶-ing形式被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句)
(1)Thehotelwhichisbeingbuiltnowbesidetheparkwasdesignedbyagroupofyoungmen.
(2)Thelittlegirlwaseventuallyawarethatherparentsabandonedherinthemountainousvillage.
(3)Hewouldcomeevenifwedontinvitehim.(without)
(4)Afterhehadbeenexaminedseveraltimes,hewastoldtobehealthy.
(5)Inoticedthatsomepeopleweretakentothepolicestation.
Suggestedanswers:
(1)Thehotelbeingbuiltnowbesidetheparkwasdesignedbyagroupofyoungmen.
(2)Thelittlegirlwaseventuallyawareofbeingabandonedbyherparentsinthemountainousvillage.
(3)Hewouldcomewithoutevenbeinginvited.
(4)Afterhavingbeenexaminedseveraltimes,hewastoldtobehealthy.
(5)Inoticedsomepeoplebeingtakentothepolicestation.
?Step4 Drilling
AskstudentstodoExercise1onPage23andcheckwiththeirpartnersthenchecktogether.
AskstudentstodoExercise2andchecktheanswerstogether.
Keys:1.beingattacked 2.Beingheldup 3.Beingincluded 4.Havingbeenaccepted
5.beingtold 6.Beinghelpedout 7.beingtaken 8.beingphotographed 9.beingswallowed.
?Step5 Usingstructures
Showstudentsthe6picturesonPage64andaskthemtodescribethemusingthepassive-ingforminpairs.
Keys:1.beinginvited 2.beingkeptwaiting 3.beingattacked 4.beingawarded 5.beingshoutedat 6.beingblamed
?Step6 Homework
FinishoffExercise2onPage64.
延伸閱讀
SharingPeriod4 Grammar
Period4 Grammar
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1.語言知識目標(biāo):復(fù)習(xí)限制性定語從句的特點(diǎn)和關(guān)系詞。
2.語言能力目標(biāo):能夠造成含有限制性定語從句的句子,在書面表達(dá)中進(jìn)行運(yùn)用。
重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)
1.教學(xué)重點(diǎn):掌握限制性定語從句的特點(diǎn),關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞使用的場合,能夠運(yùn)用限制性定語從句。
2.教學(xué)難點(diǎn):關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞使用的場合,在寫作中運(yùn)用限制性定語從句。
教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備
1.學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)準(zhǔn)備:復(fù)習(xí)限制性定語從句的特點(diǎn)及關(guān)系詞。
2.教師的教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備:整理關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的使用場合,并繪制表格。
3.教學(xué)用具的設(shè)計(jì)和準(zhǔn)備:制作多媒體課件。
教學(xué)過程
?Step1 Presentation
1.Agame“Guesswhohe/sheis.”:Listentoseveralsentences,andthenguesswhohe/sheisaccordingtothedescription.
2.Showthesentenceswiththerestrictiveattributiveclausesinthegameinthescreenandmakethestudentsfindthemout.
e.g.Thestudentisaboywho_is_taller_than_me.
Thestudentisaboywho_is_always_ready_to_help_others_and_popular_among_the_
classmates.
Thestudenthasanicknamewhich_is_related_to_a_lovely_animal.
[設(shè)計(jì)說明]聽句子,猜猜他/她是誰的游戲,能夠很快地引起學(xué)生的興趣,活躍課堂氣氛,而且,在描述中使用的一些句子帶有限制性定語從句,也為限制性定語從句的呈現(xiàn)做好了準(zhǔn)備。
?Step2 Revision
1.Revisethecharacteristicsofrestrictiveattributiveclauses.(ThestudentscansaythatinChinese.)
從形式上看,限制性定語從句與先行詞(被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞)之間沒有逗號。
從功能上看,限制性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾和限制的作用,如果去掉從句,會影響到整個(gè)主句的意思。
2.Revisetherelativepronounsandadverbsofrestrictiveattributiveclauses.
theusageoftherelativepronoun
關(guān)系代詞
指代
在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?p>person
thing
Subject
主語
Object
賓語
Attributive
定語
who
whom which that whose theusageoftherelativeadverb 關(guān)系副詞 指代 在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?p>when time adverbial where place adverbial why reason adverbial 關(guān)系副詞=介詞+which 3.Revisetheusageof“that”. that和which在指物的情況下一般可以互換,但在下列情況下,一般用that而不用which。 (1)先行詞為all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代詞時(shí)。 (2)先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級等修飾時(shí)。 (3)先行詞是who或who引導(dǎo)的主句。 (4)主句是therebe句型時(shí)。 (5)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。 注意:介詞后面只能用which而不能用that。 [設(shè)計(jì)說明]借助第一環(huán)節(jié)中的句子,先讓學(xué)生找出限制性定語從句,再復(fù)習(xí)限制性定語從句的特征和關(guān)系詞的用法,尤其是關(guān)系代詞that的用法,為下面的環(huán)節(jié)——關(guān)系詞的運(yùn)用打下基礎(chǔ)。 ?Step3 Practising 1.Fillintheblankswiththeproperrelativepronoun/adverb. (1)Thereason______hedidntcometoschoolyesterdayisthathewasill. (2)Thebaby______trousersisredisJack. (3)Thewoman______canspeakRussiangotthejob. (4)Thewoman______wesawonthestreetgotthejob. (5)Canyoulendmethebookabout______youtalkedlastnight? (6)Isthisthelibraryfrom______youborrowbooks? (7)Ivereadallthebooks______arenotmine. (8)Iamsureshehassomething______youcanborrow. (9)Thereason______theaccidenthappenedisstillunknown. (10)Hewillhavetoputoffhisconcertuntilnextmonth,______hefinisheshistravelaroundtheworld. Keys:(1)why (2)whose (3)who (4)whom (5)which (6)which (7)that (8)that (9)why (10)when 2.Completethesentenceswithyourownwords. (1)Paintingisanactivitythat____________. (2)Theinterpretertowhomyou____________isonholiday. (3)Themanwho____________isadoctor. (4)Thewomanwhosedaughter____________isoverthere. (5)Theschoolwhereyou____________hasbeenimproved. (6)Anneisdoingsomeresearchonthetimewhen____________. (7)Thereasonwhyhe____________wasthathewaswatchinganinterviewofthefirstChineseastronautonTV. 3.Answerthefollowingquestionsusingattributiveclauseswiththepronouns/adverbsinthebrackets. Example:Whatkindoffriendwouldyouliketohave?(whom) IdliketohaveafriendwhomIcantrust. (1)Whatkindofplacewouldyouliketogotoforaholiday?(where) (2)Whatstorydoyouenjoymost?(which/that) (3)Whichmusicalinstrumentwouldyouliketolearntoplay?(which/that) (4)Whydidntyoufinishyourhomework?(why) (5)Whatkindofpersonisshemarriedto?(towhom) (6)Whatsportdoyouparticipateinmostoften?(which/that) (7)Whichdaywontyoueverforget?(when) 4.Writeapassageaboutyourclass/familyusingrestricitiveattributiveclausesasmanyaspossible. [設(shè)計(jì)說明]語法運(yùn)用在這個(gè)部分是層層遞進(jìn)的,練習(xí)1要求學(xué)生填寫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞,練習(xí)2要求學(xué)生造句,完成定語從句,練習(xí)3則要求學(xué)生根據(jù)給出的關(guān)系詞寫出一個(gè)含有定語從句的完整的句子,練習(xí)4要求寫一篇含有多個(gè)定語從句的文章,體現(xiàn)了“詞—句—篇”的教學(xué)原則。如果學(xué)生的水平較弱,難以按照教師的要求完成寫作練習(xí),教師也可以要求學(xué)生翻譯一段含有多個(gè)定語從句的文章以達(dá)到在語篇輸出中運(yùn)用限制性定語從句的目的。(下劃線的句子要求用上限制性定語從句) 瞧!這是一張我們班級的照片。我們班是一個(gè)由27個(gè)男生和26個(gè)女生組成的大家庭。那個(gè)留著短發(fā)的女老師是我們的班主任周老師。班長是一個(gè)喜歡體育的男孩。你能找出他嗎?站在第三排中間最高的那個(gè)就是我們的班長——李明。笑得最開心的是我那可愛的同桌。我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記那些我們一起學(xué)習(xí)和生活的難忘的日子。 Awritingsample: Look!Thisisaphotoofourclass.Ourclassisabigfamilywhichismadeupof27boysand26girls.Thewomanteacherwhowearsshorthairisourheadteacher,MissZhou.Ourmonitorisaboywholikessports.Canyoufindhimout?ThetallestboywhoisstandinginthemiddleofLine3isourmonitor—LiMing.Thegirlwhosesmileisthebiggestismylovelydeskmate.Iwillneverforgettheunforgettabledayswhenwestudiedandlivedtogether. Unit4AttitudestowardsOurElders-grammar學(xué)案 省略 一概述省略是一種修辭,它的使用主要是為了避免重復(fù),它不僅適用于書面語,而且在口語中更加明顯. 1概念為了表達(dá)簡潔,或重點(diǎn)突出,常省去某個(gè)詞,短語,甚至句子.這種形式就叫省略. HesaidthathewouldpayavisittotheGreatWallthenextweek. Heisonlyaliveandishealthy. 當(dāng)在英語中也有許多的固定省略結(jié)構(gòu),這種省略其實(shí)是一種約定的歷史文化,我們不需將其補(bǔ)充完整,即使按照語法可以這樣做,也沒有必要.如: Nopains,nogains Seeingisbelieving Outofsight,outofmind 2省略的目的和遵循的原則 省略有兩個(gè)目的 1語言簡潔,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊. Iwonderwhenandwheretoholdthemeeting when=whentoholdthemeeting ---Illgiveyouanecklaceasabirthdaygift ---Really?butwhen?when=whenyouwillgiveittome 2重點(diǎn)突出,目標(biāo)明確 Willyoutellmebywhomandforwhomitwasordered? bywhom=itwasorderedbywhom ---Whowillbesenttocarryouttheplan? ---Johnson 它遵循的原則是不破壞結(jié)構(gòu)或引起歧義 TheyvisitingandwewillbevisitingtheHeavenTemple 應(yīng)改為TheyareandwewillbevisitingtheHeavenTemple 二省略句的應(yīng)用 一簡單句中的省略 1主語的省略 1第一人稱省略 Ihopetoseeyouagain 2第二人稱在祈使句中的省略 Goandseewhoitis Dontopenthewidow,oryoumaycatchacold 3第三人稱的省略 SheDoesntlookwell ItisaPityhewonthelp 2動(dòng)詞的省略 1助動(dòng)詞省略,多在口語中 Hi,Tom,whereyougoing? 2主動(dòng)詞省略. MarydoesntspeakFrench,butJimdoes. TomcanspeakEnglish,andsocanLucy. ---Jimhaspassedtheexam ---Sohehasandsohaveyou 3系動(dòng)詞省略 Areyouhungry? 4Therebe句型的省略 Thereoughttobenobodyintheclassroom IsthereAnythingIcandoforyou? 5在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中being;havingbeen的省略,一般只適用于其后是介詞或短語,如果是名詞不省略 Themeetingbeingover,theywenthome Bookbeinginhand,heenteredtheroom. Itbeingsunday,wedidtgotoschool. 6不定式to后動(dòng)詞的省略。這類動(dòng)詞有expect,like,wish,hope,prefer;love;intend,mean,refuse等 ----Wouldyouliketoattendtheparty? ----Idliketo 另外,在haveto;needtooughtto;begoingto;usedto后也省略主動(dòng)詞 Idontliketostayuplate,butIusedto Idontwanttomeettheman,butIhadto二從句中的省略 1定語從句中的省略 1作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which;that;whom的省略 DoyouknowthegirlwhomItalkedtojustnow? Haveyouseenthebikewhich/thatIboughtfromTom? 如果定語從句中的動(dòng)詞后的介詞,放到關(guān)系代詞前,那么關(guān)系代詞不能省略。 2作狀語的關(guān)系副詞when/where/why的省略 ThatwasthelasttimewhenImethim 2狀語從句中的省略 當(dāng)狀語從句中的主語和主句的主語一致時(shí),可以省略狀語從句中的主語和系動(dòng)詞be. 1連詞when;if;evenif;unless;once;until;as;than+pp Hedidtheworkaswellasexpected Iwontattendthepartyevenifinvited 2連詞〈when;while;though+doing Icameacrosshimwhencrossingonthestreet. Thoughworkinginsuchpoorconditions,hestillfinishedtheworkontime. 3連詞as,asif,once+名詞 Onceathief,heworksasapolicemannow. 4連詞though,whether,when,if+形容詞 Ifnecessary,pleaseapologizetoher 5連詞,while,asif,whether+介詞短語 WhileinEngland,helearnedaforeignlanguage. 另外,我們也可以用so;not替代上文中的內(nèi)容,此時(shí)常用ifso/not Workhardaroundtheclock.Ifso,youwillsucceed. Youshouldfinishtheworkontime.Ifnot,youwillbepunished 在某些形容詞glad;ready;pleased;happy等后。 ---Willyoucarryouttheplan? ---Imgladto 假如語境中有表示時(shí)態(tài)的have,havebeen,和be,常在答句中表現(xiàn)出來。 ---whyhaventyouattendedthelecture? ---Idliketohave,butitrainedheavily 練習(xí): 1.Tomwantedtoplayfootballwithhisfriendsinthestreet,buthisfathertoldhim______. A.nottoB.nottodoC.nottoitD.donotto 2.—DoyouthinkJackisgoingtowatchafootballmatchthisweekend? —_______. A.IbelievenotB.IbelievenotsoC.Idon’tbelieveitD.Idon’tbelieve 3.—Whatdoyouthingmadethegirlsoglad? —_______abeautifulnecklace. A.AsshereceivedB.Receiving C.ReceivedD.Becauseofreceiving 4.Fatheradvisedmenottosayanythinguntil________atthemeeting. A.a(chǎn)skingB.toaskC.a(chǎn)skedD.a(chǎn)sk 5.—Haveyouwateredtheflowers? —No,but_______. A.IamB.I’mgoingC.I’mjustgoingtoD.Iwillgo 6.—Hehasn’tgonetotheofficeuptonow. —Well,he_______. A.shouldB.oughttoC.oughttogoD.oughttohave 7.—Thewarisverylikelytobreakoutinthenearfuture. —I_____ifthesituationgoesasitis. A.hopesoB.hopenotC.a(chǎn)mafraidnotD.a(chǎn)mafraidso 8.—Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice. —______,butwhocaredwhatIsaid? A.SooughtyouB.SoIoughtC.SoIdidD.Sodidyou 9.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif_______whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection. A.seeingB.havingseenC.toseeD.tohavesen 10.______hecome,theproblemwouldbesettled. A.WouldB.ShouldC.ShallD.If 11.—CanIseeyouat3:00pmnextMonday? —I______.IwillhaveflowntoNewYorklongbeforethen. A.a(chǎn)mafraidnotB.a(chǎn)mafraidsoC.a(chǎn)mafraidtoD.a(chǎn)mafraidnotto 12.—Isthatabookonfarming?Ifso,Iwanttoborrow_______. —Yes,itis. A.thisB.itC.oneD.theone 13._______,Iwillhelpyouwithyourwork. A.IfIampossibleB.IfitpossibleC.IfpossibleD.Possible 14.—Howareyougettingonwithyourwork? —Oh,I’msorry.Thingsaren’tgoingsowellas______. A.plansB.planningC.plannedD.toplan 15.—Areyouavolunteernow? —No,butI_________.IworkedfortheCitySportsMeetinglastyear, A.usedtoB.usedtobeC.usedtodoD.wasusedto 答案與解析: 1.A不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),其后的內(nèi)容常被省略,只保留不定式符號to。 2.A 3.BReceivingabeautifulnecklace后面省略了前文中的madethegirlsoglad。 4.C狀語從句中省略了Iwas。 5.C 6.D承前省略的不定式后有助動(dòng)詞have時(shí),不定式等號to后要保留have。 7.D 8.C 9.Casiftosee是asifhewasgoingtosee的活力說法。 10.B此處是對將來情況的假設(shè)。虛擬條件句的謂語部分有should,had或were時(shí),可把if省去,而把should,had或were放在從句的主語之前,構(gòu)成主謂部分倒裝。 11.A 12.B 13.CIfpossible是Ifitispossible的活力說法。 14.C 15.B Lesson4DreamHouses-grammar學(xué)案 語法知識:定語從句 1.定語從句:定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分,相當(dāng)于形容詞,所以又稱為形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。 2.關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用:1,引導(dǎo)定語從句。2,代替先行詞。3,在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。注:關(guān)系代詞有主語.賓語之分。一般whom作為賓語。 4.定語:定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外,名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,分詞,副詞,不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任,也可以由一個(gè)句子來擔(dān)任.單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語。 5.先行詞:被限制或修飾的主句的主語。 (一)限定性定語從句 一、關(guān)系代詞(在句中作主語、賓語或定語)指人 指物 關(guān)系代詞 Who,whom,that,whose That,which 二、關(guān)系副詞(在句中作狀語) 關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞 表原因:why=forwhich 表地點(diǎn):where=in/at/on/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配) 表時(shí)間:when=during/on/in/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配) (二)非限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明,通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1.which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分 2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如: CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。 3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞,對其進(jìn)行修飾,這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如: HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。 Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。 4.有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞 5.在非限定性定語從句中,不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that,而用who,whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.; (三)介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí),從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。 (1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. (2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous. 1.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等 2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時(shí)用which,不能用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose. 3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代詞或者 (四)判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 方法一:用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞;而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語,則要求用關(guān)系代詞。 方法二:準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。 (五)關(guān)系代詞that的用法 (1)不用that的情況 (a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。 (錯(cuò))Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere. (b)介詞后不能用?!?p>Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood. Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom. (2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 (a) 在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which?!?p>(b) 在不定代詞,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which?!?p>(c) 先行詞有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,just修飾時(shí),只用that。 (d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí),只用that。. (e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。 (f)先行詞指物,在主句中作表語時(shí). (g)為了避免重復(fù). (h)先行詞是theway時(shí) (六)as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句 由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中?!?p>1)Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth. 2)Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.
Unit4bigbusiness-grammar學(xué)案
Unit4bigbusiness-grammar學(xué)案
一.快捷識記
I.過去分詞作狀語所表示的意義:
過去分詞短語作狀語,可表示時(shí)間,原因,條件等,可發(fā)展為一個(gè)狀語從句。過去分詞作狀語可分為:
一般式(done)表示分詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語動(dòng)作之前。
完成式(havingbeendone)強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。例如:
Scolded(Asshewasscolded)bytheteacher,thegirlsattherewithoutliftingherhead.
由于被老師批評了,那個(gè)女孩低著頭坐在那兒。
II.過去分詞作狀語時(shí)的具體用法:
1.過去分詞作時(shí)間狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。例如:
Asked(Whenhewasasked)whathadhappened,heloweredhishead.
當(dāng)他被問問題的時(shí)候,他低下了頭。
2.過去分詞作原因狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。例如:
Frightened(=Because/Asshewasfrightened)bythetiger,thegirldidntdaretosleepalone.
因?yàn)楹ε吕匣?這個(gè)女孩不敢單獨(dú)睡覺。
3.過去分詞作條件狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。例如:
Grown(Iftheseseedsaregrown)inrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.
如果種在肥沃的土壤里,這些種子能長得很快。
Given(Ifweweregiven)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.
如果給我們更多時(shí)間的話,我們可以做得更好。
注意:此句中的given在許多語法書中作為介詞處理。
4.過去分詞作讓步狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。例如:
Left(Althoughhewasleft)athome,Johndidntfeelafraidatall.
雖然John被單獨(dú)留在房間里,他一點(diǎn)都不害怕。
5.過去分詞作狀語表示伴隨動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如:
Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,(andhewas)followedbyagroupofstudents.
老師進(jìn)入教室,后面跟著一幫學(xué)生。
二.練一練:
1.________inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.
A.TowaitB.Havewaited
C.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited
2.________bythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.
A.AttractingB.Attracted
C.TobeattractedD.Havingattracted
3.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.
A.beginsB.havingbegun
C.beginningD.begun
4.________tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoonesskin.
A.ExposedB.Havingexposed
C.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed
5.Priceofdailygoods________throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.
A.areboughtB.bought
C.beenboughtD.buying
參考答案:1—5CBDCBUnit4AttitudestowardsOurElders-grammar學(xué)案
Lesson4DreamHouses-grammar學(xué)案