小學(xué)語文微課教案
發(fā)表時(shí)間:2020-10-15Unit1GreatScientists-Grammar學(xué)案。
Unit1GreatScientists-Grammar學(xué)案
過去分詞作定語和表語
--Lookattheexcitedboy!Why
ishesohappy?
--Hehasgotthefirstprizein
thecontest.
--Nowonderheisexcited!
一、過去分詞作定語
1.前置定語
被動(dòng)意義:
anrespectedguest一位受尊敬的客人
Howmanyfinishedproductshaveyougotuptonow?
=Howmanyproductsthathavebeenfinishedhaveyougotuptonow?
到現(xiàn)在為止,你已經(jīng)得到多少成品?
完成意義:
aretiredworker一位退休的工人
Thechildrenarecleaningthefallenleavesintheyard.
=Thechildrenarecleaningtheleavesthathavefallenintheyard.
孩子們正在打掃院子里的落葉。
總結(jié):________的過去分詞作定語,通常放在被修飾的名詞之______,作前置定語。表示________和________的意義。
2.后置定語
Thingsseenarebetterthanthingsheard.
=Thingswhichareseenarebetterthanthingswhichareheard.
眼見最好。
Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindeverwritten.
=Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindthathaseverbeenwritten.
這將是這類小說中寫得最好的。
總結(jié):過去分詞短語作定語時(shí),放在被修飾的名詞之______,作后置定語,作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)____________。
注意:
①如被修飾的詞是something,anything,everything,nothing,-one,-body以及those等,分詞放在被修飾詞的后面。
Doyouhaveanythingunfinished?你還有什么沒完成的事嗎?
Heisoneofthosekidnapped.他是那些被綁架的人之一。
②單個(gè)分詞也可以作后置定語,用以強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。?
Theydecidedtochangethematerialused.他們決定更換使用的材料。
③不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞僅表示時(shí)間的完成,無被動(dòng)意義?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。?
fallenleaves落葉fallingleaves正在下落的樹葉
adevelopedcountry發(fā)達(dá)國家adevelopingcountry發(fā)展中國家
theboiledwater(涼)開水?theboilingwater沸水?
二、過去分詞作表語
Theteacherseemedquitedelightedattheidea.
Whenweheardofthestory,weweredeeplymoved.
Hishairisnearlyallgone.
過去分詞作表語表示主語的_________和_________。
注意:
①作表語的過去分詞,________的意味很弱,主要表示動(dòng)作的_______和某一_______,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞。
Theboatisbroken.
Thestreetiscrowded.
②表示______的過去分詞:disappointed,excited,surprised,pleased…
表示______的過去分詞:lost,known,married,dressed,gone,drunk…
Latertheyfoundthattheywerelost.
Thehappytimeisgone.
③過去分詞作表語:強(qiáng)調(diào)____________________
被動(dòng)語態(tài):強(qiáng)調(diào)____________________
Myglassesarebroken.(________)Myglasseswerebrokenbymylittledaughter.(________)
Hewassurprisedatthenews.(________)Iwasgreatlysurprisedbyaknockatthedoor.(________)
Practice:
1.這本書很有趣。
2.他對這本書很感興趣。
3.這個(gè)窗戶破了。
4.這個(gè)窗戶是被那個(gè)頑皮的男孩兒打破的。
5.站在那兒的男孩兒是我弟弟。
6.他是位高級(jí)教師。
7.穿白色衣服的學(xué)生是我女兒。
答案
一、
1.總結(jié):單個(gè);前;被動(dòng);完成
2.總結(jié):后;定語從句
二、
情緒;狀態(tài)
①被動(dòng);完成;狀態(tài)
②情緒;狀態(tài)
③主語所處的狀態(tài)
主語所承受的動(dòng)作
Practice:
1.Thebookisveryinteresting.
2.Heisveryinterestedinthebook.
3.Thiswindowisbroken.
4.Thiswindowwasbrokenbuthenaughtyboy.
5.Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.
6.Heisanadvancedteacher.
7.Thestudentdressedinwhiteismydaughter.
精選閱讀
Unit1friendship-grammar學(xué)案
Unit1friendship-grammar學(xué)案Grammar:英語五大基本句型Learningaims:1.tomasterthebasicsentencestructurestentatively2.toletssanalysethepartsofthesentences3.tohavessmakesentencesskillfullyImportantpoints:tomasterthebasicsentencestructuresDifficulties:tomakesentencesusingthebasicsentencestructuresLearingmethods:self-studyingdiscussingandpresentingLearningprocedures:Step1:togivesstheformsofbasicsentencestructures.Step2:toletssanalysethepartsofthesentences.Step3:tomakesentences英語五種基本句型列式如下:(一)基本句型一:S+V(主+謂)
SV(不及物動(dòng)詞)1.Time2.Themoon3.Themanflies.rose.cooked.動(dòng)腦思考:充當(dāng)主語的是______詞性,充當(dāng)謂語的______詞性。劃分句子成分:Wealleat,anddrink.(E—C)Everybodylaughed.1.正在下著雨。(C-E)___________________________________________________
2.我的哥哥很用功。
___________________________________________________
3.我每天早晨六點(diǎn)鐘起床。_____________________________________________(二)基本句型二:S+V+P(主+系+表)SV(是系動(dòng)詞)P(表語)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everythingissmells(聞)feelslooksanEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.動(dòng)腦思考:充當(dāng)表語的是_______詞性(劃分句子成分)Heistallandstrong.(E-C)Theweatherbecamecool.Hisfaceturnedred.
1.下課了。_______________________________2..他成了一個(gè)著名的醫(yī)生。
3.這個(gè)蘋果吃起來真好吃。_____________________________________________(知識(shí)銜接)系動(dòng)詞分兩類:be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等屬一類,表示情況;get,grow,become,turn,go等屬另一類,表示變化。be本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義另:stay,prove,remain,stand(三)基本句型三:S+V+O(主+謂+賓)SV(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)O(賓語)1.She2.He3.Ilaughatunderstandswanther.English.tohaveacupoftea.動(dòng)腦思考:充當(dāng)賓語的是______詞性劃分句子成分:Hemadecakes.(E—C)Theyatesomeapples.Whoknowstheanswer?1.現(xiàn)在我們正在學(xué)習(xí)句型。(C-E)___________________________________________________2.昨天我看到他了.
__________________________________________________3.我們的英語老師會(huì)說英語和日語。
___________________________________________________4.學(xué)生們都喜歡畫畫。______________________________________________(四)基本句型四:S+V+IO+O(主+謂+間賓+直賓)SV(及物)o(多指人)O(多指物)1.She2.He3.Ipassedbroughtorderedhimyoumyselfanewdress.adictionary.anewcoat.Ishowedhimmypictures.(E--C)Hegavemeabook.Myparentsboughtmeabike.1.她的伯父昨天給了她一件很好的禮物。(C—E)_______________________________________________________2.她的父親買了一只新的手表給他。
________________________________________________________3.我的朋友寫了一封信給我。_________________________________________________________(五)基本句型五:S+V+O+C(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))SV(及物)O(賓語)C(賓補(bǔ))1.We2.I3.He4.keepsawaskedLetthetablehimmeusclean.out.tocomebacksoon.goshopping.(劃分句子成分)Keepthechildrenquiet,please..(E—C)Hepaintedthewallwhite.Wefoundhimanhonestperson.1.老師讓我們努力學(xué)英語。_________________________________________________________________2.使我們的國家更美麗。_________________________________________________________________3.我聽到她唱了一首歌。_____________________________________________自我評(píng)價(jià):————————————————————————————————————當(dāng)堂檢測一.Analysethesentencestoseewhichsentencestructurebelongsto.
1.Birdssingbeautifully.
2.WelikeEnglish.
3.Imakeyouclear.
4.Hewentonholiday.
5.Iwanttohelphim.
6.WeareChinese.
7.Igiveyouhelp.
8.Westoppedtohavearest.
9.Illgoswimming.
10.Hesentabooktome.
11.Heboughtacoatforme.
12.WenamedourbabyTom.
二.Readingforfun.
LastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.‘Icanthearaword!’Isaidangrily.‘Itsnoneofyourbusiness,’theyoungmansaidrudely.‘Thisisaprivateconversation!’Notesonthetext課文注釋1gotothetheatre,去看戲。2gotangry,生氣。3turnround,轉(zhuǎn)身,也可用turnaround。4.payattention,注意。5Icouldnotbearit.我無法忍受。其中的it是指上文中的那對男女大聲說話又不理會(huì)作者的憤怒目光。6noneofyourbusiness,不關(guān)你的事。自我評(píng)價(jià):____________________________________________.Unit1EatingAroundtheWorld-grammar學(xué)案
Unit1EatingAroundtheWorld-grammar學(xué)案
一.快捷識(shí)記
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),??梢员磉_(dá)伴隨、原因、結(jié)果、時(shí)間、條件、讓步情況,如:
1.表伴隨:伴隨狀語出現(xiàn)的條件是由一個(gè)主語發(fā)出兩個(gè)動(dòng)作或同一個(gè)主語處于兩種狀態(tài),或同一個(gè)主語發(fā)出一個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)又伴隨有某一種狀態(tài)。伴隨狀語的邏輯主語一般情況下必須是全句的生語,伴隨狀語與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的.
"Cantyouread?"Marysaidangrily,pointingtothenotice.
Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.
Theystoodthereforanhour,watchingthegame.
Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.
Travelingbyjeep,wevisitedanumberofcities.
Followingtheguide,theystartedtoclimb.
2.表原因
Havingeatentoomuch,hecouldn’tgotosleep.
Havingreadtheletter,shegotveryexcited.(完成式)
Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.
Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.
Beingsopoorinthosedays,wecouldn’taffordtosendtheboytohospital.
注:
Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyears,heknewthemverywell.
(分詞完成式的肯定式)
Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.
(分詞完成式的否定式)
3.表結(jié)果
Hisparentswerekilledintheaccident,leavinghimanorphan.
Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.
注:現(xiàn)在分詞表示必然結(jié)果,前可加thus,不定式表意外的結(jié)果,前可加only.
Hewascaughtintherain,thusmakinghimselfcatchcold.(表示在意料之中)
Ihurriedtoschool,onlytofindthatitwasSunday.(表示在意料之外)
4.表時(shí)間
Whencrossingtheroad,pleasebecareful.
Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.
OnarrivinginLondon,hemanagedtogetintouchwithher.=AssoonashearrivedinLondon,….
5.表?xiàng)l件
Workinghard,you’llgetagoodachievement.
Turningtotheleft,youwillfindthepathleadingtothesite.
6.表讓步
Workingsohard,hefailedagain.
使用時(shí)注意:
1)分詞表示的必須是主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作;
2)分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的;
3)分詞表示的是次要的動(dòng)作,對謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)加以補(bǔ)充說明;
4)表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的連接短語有時(shí)還可以由連接詞while或when引導(dǎo)。
二.隨堂練習(xí)
()1._______moreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.(90’全國)
A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven.
()2.Thecomputercenter,________lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool(93’全國)
A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened
()3.Thefirsttextbooks________forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.(94’全國)
A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written
()4.________isthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.(96’全國)
A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose
()5._______thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(00’全國春)
()6._______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(01’全國夏)
A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered
()7.Theresearcherissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(02’全國)A.beginsB.havingbegunD.beginningD.begun
()8.________in1636,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.(00’上海)
A.BeingfoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.FoundedD.Founding
()9.When________,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.(02’上海春)
A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted
()10.Pricesofdailygoods________throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.(02’京皖春)
A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying
()11.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrases________onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.(02’上海)
A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known
()12.Unless________tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.(03’上海春)
A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited
()13.Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan______.(03’北京)
A.keptB.tobekeptC.keepingD.havingkept
()14.Mr.Smith,_______ofthe________speech,startedtoreadanovel.(03’北京春)
A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boring
()15.________time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(03’北京)
A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given
(Key:1-5ADDCA6-10ADCAB11-15DAAAD
Unit5Lesson1Grammar導(dǎo)學(xué)案
古人云,工欲善其事,必先利其器。高中教師在教學(xué)前就要準(zhǔn)備好教案,做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。教案可以讓學(xué)生更好的吸收課堂上所講的知識(shí)點(diǎn),幫助高中教師掌握上課時(shí)的教學(xué)節(jié)奏。怎么才能讓高中教案寫的更加全面呢?以下是小編收集整理的“Unit5Lesson1Grammar導(dǎo)學(xué)案”,希望能對您有所幫助,請收藏。
Unit5Lesson1Grammar導(dǎo)學(xué)案Tips:Onehourtodayisworthtwotomorrow.爭分奪秒效率高。
Learningcontent:Lesson1Grammar
Learningimportantpoints::Topractiseusingwillfordecisions
Learningdifficultpoints:Topracticeusingclauseswithassoonas,when,before…andclausesofconcession(讓步)withalthough\though
Learningsteps:
Step1默寫單詞(A級(jí))
1___________________2___________________
3___________________4___________________
5___________________6___________________
Step2Grammar(B級(jí))
我們上單元學(xué)習(xí)了will的用法,現(xiàn)在我們來繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。
1.Will后接動(dòng)詞原形可以表示事先未考慮的意圖或突然決定。這種用法通常出現(xiàn)在情形對話中。例如:
----Annisinhospital.
----Oh,really?Ididn’tknow,Iwillgoandvisither.
----Thelightisstillon.
---Iwillgoandturnitoff.
2.以上是我們學(xué)習(xí)will的第一個(gè)用法,下面我們學(xué)習(xí)第二個(gè)。
我們以前學(xué)習(xí)過一些狀語從句,大家能想起來嗎?由when等引導(dǎo)的是__________狀語從句,because等引導(dǎo)的是__________狀語從句,though引導(dǎo)的是__________狀語從句,so…that引導(dǎo)的是____________狀語從句,sothat引導(dǎo)____________狀語從句,where引導(dǎo)____________狀語從句,除此之外還有條件,方式狀語從句。
今天我們著重講解will在時(shí)間狀語從句中的用法。
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞和詞組有:
(1)表示當(dāng)…時(shí):______________,_____________和as.
(2)表示“一…就…”:assoonas,themoment
(3)表示“直到…”:until,till(4)表示“自從…以來”since
(5)表示“在…之前”before(6)表示“在…之后”after
▲在時(shí)間狀語從句中,若主句謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般將來時(shí),從句謂語要用______________時(shí)代替將來時(shí),我們可以總結(jié)成“主將從現(xiàn)”。例如:
They’llgohomeaftertheyfinishtheirwork.
____________________________________________________
I’llletyouknowassoonashearrivesinBeijing.
____________________________________________________
when,while,as這三個(gè)詞都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,但他們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。When即可指某一時(shí)間點(diǎn),也可指一段時(shí)間;while強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間,所以從句的謂語是延續(xù)性的;as強(qiáng)調(diào)主語和從句的動(dòng)作相并發(fā)生,常譯作“一邊…一邊…”
學(xué)習(xí)完了will的用法,我們現(xiàn)在來學(xué)習(xí)另外一個(gè)狀語從句:讓步狀語從句。
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組有_________,____________(雖然)evenif,______________(即使)whatevernomatterwhat(無論什么)whoevernomatterwho(無論誰)等。
though和although都做“雖然”講,通常可以互換,切記不可與but連用。although比though語氣重,多用于句首,;evenif相當(dāng)于eventhough。例如;
Althoughitwassnowing,itwasnotverycold.
————————————————————————
IwaslatefortheearlybusalthoughthoughIhurried.
____________________________________________________
Evenifheispoor,sheloveshimverymuch.
_____________________________________________________
WhoeverNomatterwhoyouare,youmustworkhard.
_________________________________________________
Step3鞏固練習(xí)(C級(jí))
1.用括號(hào)里的動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列句子
(1)We(have)ourmealinthekitchenassoonasit(be)ready.
___________________________________________________
(2)I(buy)someflowersassoonasI(see)aflowerstand.
_______________________________________________________
(3)We(have)a“farewell”partyforyoubeforeyou(go)touniversity.
_______________________________________________________
(4)BeforeI(go)I(help)youwiththewashingup.
_______________________________________________________
2.單選
(1)MrHallunderstandsthat______mathshasalwaysbeeneasyforhim,it’snoteasyforthestudents.
A.unlessB.sinceC.althoughD.when
(2)_________Iknowthemoneyissafe,Ishallnotworryaboutit.
A.EventhoughB.UnlessC.AslongasD.While
(3)_________hehaslimitedtechnicalknowledge,theoldworkerhasalotofexperience.
A.SinceB.UnlessC.AsD.Although
3.改錯(cuò)
(1)Theoldmanisusedtoliveasimplelife.
__________________________________________________-
(2)Heisunhappyalthoughheispoor.
_________________________________________________
小結(jié)與反思(今天所學(xué)的will的用法與讓步狀語從句你都學(xué)會(huì)了嗎?)————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Unit1 Women of achievement-grammar學(xué)案
一位優(yōu)秀的教師不打無準(zhǔn)備之仗,會(huì)提前做好準(zhǔn)備,教師要準(zhǔn)備好教案,這是每個(gè)教師都不可缺少的。教案可以保證學(xué)生們在上課時(shí)能夠更好的聽課,幫助教師提高自己的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。我們要如何寫好一份值得稱贊的教案呢?下面是由小編為大家整理的“Unit1 Women of achievement-grammar學(xué)案”,供大家參考,希望能幫助到有需要的朋友。
Unit1Womenofachievement-grammar學(xué)案一、主謂一致
主謂一致有許多原則,概括起來不外乎三種一致原則,即語法形式一致,概念一致(語言內(nèi)容上一致),毗鄰一致(謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語一致)。
1.語法形式一致:按主語的語法形式(單復(fù)數(shù))確定謂語的形式(1)單數(shù)主語、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語以及句子作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語,用and或both…and連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語以及主語從句作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Theperformancewasveryfunny.
2)Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.
3)Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.
4)Manynaturalmaterialsarebecomingscarce.
5)BothyouandIarestudents.
6)WhatIthinkandwhatIseekhavebeenfairlyreflectedinmypaper.
注1:在what引導(dǎo)的主語從句中,如果主語補(bǔ)語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
Whatwehavetolearnarethepiecesoflanguagethatproduceinversion.
注2:修飾語對主語的數(shù)不起影響。例如:
Theperformanceofthefirstthreeclownswasveryfunny.
(2)由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面,不能看作是并列主語,該主語不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語的影響,主語如是單數(shù),其謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.
2)ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.
3)Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.
4)Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.
(3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,當(dāng)它們在句子中作主語時(shí),盡管在意義上是多數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either,neither,each,one,theother,another,somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody等。例如:
1)Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.(兩人都不喜歡對方的朋友。)
2)Everythingaroundusismatter.(我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。)
(4)在neitherof與eitherof的結(jié)構(gòu)里,一般語法書都認(rèn)為謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.
2)Haseitherofthembeenseenrecently?
(5)當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事,and后的名詞前沒有冠詞,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式;在and后面的名詞前有冠詞,謂語就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.(早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。)
2)Thebreadandthebutterareonsale.(正在出售黃油和面包。)
(6)當(dāng)oneof,aportionof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,achainof結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.
2)Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.
(7)plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),不可數(shù)名詞的謂語只用單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞的謂語視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
1)Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.
2)Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.
3)Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.
4)Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.
5)Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.
6)Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.
(8)由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest,themajorityof等+名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。例如:
1)Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.
2)Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.
3)Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.
4)Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.
5)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.
6)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.
(9)由morethanone(或morethanone+單數(shù)名詞),manya+單數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.
2)Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.
注:如果morethan后面是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:Morethantwohundredstudentshaveattendedthelecture.
(10)quantityof+不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;quantitiesof+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.
2)Thereisalargequantityofmilk.
(11)如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”,謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.
2)Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.
(12)定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如:
1)Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.
2)“Keepcool”isthefirstoftherulesthataretoberememberedinanaccident.
注:當(dāng)one之前有theonly等限定詞修飾時(shí),定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.概念一致(語言內(nèi)容上一致)
(1)有些集合名詞如crowd,family,team,orchestra(管弦樂隊(duì)),group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等,它們作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,如就其中的各個(gè)成員來說,則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.
2)Hisfamilyareverywell.
3)Thepublicis/arerequestednottoleavelitterinthepark.
注:如這類詞后跟有定語從句時(shí),定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則,強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)系代詞用who;強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),關(guān)系代詞用which。例如:
1)Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.
2)Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.
1)Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.
2)Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.
(3)有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù),而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news,means,works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱,如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等,它們作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.
2)Hereisthenews.
(4)用and連接的單數(shù)主語,前面有each,every,manya,no等修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語與each連用時(shí),應(yīng)不受each的影響,謂語動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Eachpenandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.
2)Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.
3)Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.
4)Theoldworkersandtheyoungeachhavetheirowntools.
(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.
2)Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.
(6)國家、單位和書報(bào)的名稱,作為一個(gè)單一的概念,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)WarandPeaceisthelongestbookI’veread.
2)GeneralMotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.(通用汽車公司最近關(guān)閉了一家工廠。)3.毗鄰一致(就近原則)
(1)由連詞or,neither…or,either…or,notonly…also,nor等連接的并列主語,謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則,與貼近它的主語一致。例如:
1)Heoryouhavetakenmypen.
2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth.
3)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.
(2)在therebe的結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如:
1)Thereisadeskandfourbenchesintheoffice.
2)Therearetwochairsandadeskintheoffice.
二、代詞指代一致
指代一致是指句中的代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致。
1.人稱一致
(1)當(dāng)代詞指代名詞或另一個(gè)代詞時(shí),須在人稱上與所指代的詞保持一致。例如:
1)Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeaktoher.
2)Thatwomansaidthatshewasoverfifty.
3)Theyaskedwhomtheyshouldapplyto.
(2)當(dāng)代詞指代集合名詞時(shí),用單數(shù)人稱代詞強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,用復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人。例如:
1)Thecommitteehavediscussedtheirreportonthedisaster.
2)Theaudienceareraisingtheirhandstosignifytheirapproval.
(3)當(dāng)everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等作主語時(shí),相應(yīng)的代詞一般采用單數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Ifanyonecalls,tellhimI’llbebacklater.
2)Everyonethinksheisthecenterofuniverse.
注:在非正式文體中,特別是在會(huì)話體里,常用代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是為了故意不具體說出所指的那個(gè)人的性別。例如:
1)Hasanybodybroughttheircamera?
2)Noonecouldblamedthemselves.
(4)由neither…nor,notonly…butalso,either…or,not…but,or等連結(jié)的并列主語,其后的附加疑問部分主語用復(fù)數(shù)代詞。例如:
1)NeitheryounorIamwrong,arewe?
2)BothTomandJackcame,didn’tthey?
2.性、數(shù)、格一致
(1)代詞的性一般僅限于第三人稱。例如:
1)Chinawillalwaysdowhatshehaspromisedtodo.
2)Theboystoodatthedoorwithhishatinhishand.
(2)當(dāng)or或nor連接陽性名詞或陰性名詞時(shí),代詞一般和近者保持一致。例如:
1)NeitherJohnnorMaryhasgotwhatshewanted.
2)IfyoushouldseeMaryorThomas,tellhimthenews.
(3)單數(shù)名詞由and連接時(shí),相應(yīng)的代詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
1)Foodandrentaremoreexpensivethantheyusedtobe.
2)JimandMaryspokeonthesubjectasiftheywereexperts.
3.應(yīng)注意的問題
(1)當(dāng)句子的主語是one,并要在句子中多次出現(xiàn)時(shí),一般用第三人稱單數(shù)代詞來代替后面將出現(xiàn)的one或one’s;當(dāng)one在句子中泛指人時(shí),在反意疑問句中也可用you來代替。例如:
1)Oneshouldneverblamehisfriendswhenhefriendswhenhefindshimselfintrouble.
2)Onecan’tbetoocareful,canyou(one)?